From OFDM and SC-FDE

to EST Based Modulation

Professor Geoffrey Ye Li
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
 Contents

 Overview of my Research
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
 Single-Carrier with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC-FDE)
 Energy Spreading Transform (EST) based Modulation for Frequency-Selective
Channels
• Why EST?
• Spreading in Time and Frequency Domain
• System Description (Hard/Soft Decision)
• Performance Analysis
• Simulation Results
 Extension to MIMO Systems
 Extension to Doubly Selective Channels

2
 Contents

 Overview of my Research
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
 Single-Carrier with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC-FDE)
 Energy Spreading Transform (EST) based Modulation for Frequency-Selective
Channels
• Why EST?
• Spreading in Time and Frequency Domain
• System Description (Hard/Soft Decision)
• Performance Analysis
• Simulation Results
 Extension to MIMO Systems
 Extension to Doubly Selective Channels

3
 MIMO-OFDM
• Channel estimation for MIMO-OFDM system with a large
number of transmit antennas under high mobility
environments
• Signal detection for MIMO-OFDM: Complexity performance
trade-off
• Transmission with partial CSI
• Interference avoidance and suppression
• Multi-user MIMO
• Various applications in current standards and systems
 Cross-Layer Optimization
Centralized Optimization:
• How to perform optimization with partial CSI?
• Impact of MIMO on cross-layer optimization
performance?
• Interference suppression and avoidance in cellular
systems

De-centralized Optimization:
• Scheduling with limited CSI
• Stability region of multi-carrier networks
• Energy efficiency transmission
 Cognitive Radio

 MIMO OFDM(A) based cognitive networks

 Cooperative spectrum sensing for mobile networks
 Dynamic spectrum allocation
 Cross-Layer issues in CR nestworks
OFDM for Wireless Communications:
Channel Estimation

Y. (G.) Li, L. J. Cimini, Jr., and N. R. Sollenberger, “Robust channel estimation for OFDM
systems with rapid dispersive fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun. vol. 46, pp. 902-
915, July 1998. (Google citation: 488)

Y. (G.) Li, “Pilot-symbol-aided channel estimation for OFDM in wireless systems,’’ IEEE Trans.
Veh.Tech., vol. 49, pp. 1207-1215, July 2000. (Google citation: 262)
OFDM for Wireless Communications:
Co-Channel Interference Suppression

BASE
STATION

Y. (G.) Li and N. R. Sollenberger, “Adaptive antenna arrays for OFDM systems with co-
channel interference,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 47, pp. 217-229, Feb. 1999. (Google
citation: 142)
MIMO-OFDM: Channel Estimation
and Training Sequence Design

First MIMO-OFDM System !!!

Y. (G.) Li, N. Seshadri, and S. Ariyavisitakul, “Channel estimation for OFDM systems with
transmitter diversity in mobile wireless channels,” IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun., vol.
17, pp. 461-471, March 1999. (Google citation: 417)

Y. (G.) Li, “Simplified channel estimation for OFDM systems with multiple transmit antennas,’’
IEEE Trans. on Wireless Commun., vol. 1, pp. 67-75, Jan. 2002. (Google citation: 263)
 MIMO-OFDM:
More Transmit and Receive Antenna System

Y. (G.) Li, J. H. Winters, and N. R. Sollenberger, “MIMO-OFDM for wireless communications: signal
detection with enhanced channel estimation,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, pp. 1471-1477, Sept.
2002. (Google citation: 262)

G. L. Stuber, J. Barry, S. McLaughlin, Y. (G.) Li, M. A. Ingram, and T. Pratt, “Broadband MIMO-
OFDM wireless communications,” Proc. of IEEE, vol. 92, pp.271-294, Feb. 2004. (Google citation:
355)
 MIMO-OFDM:
Performance Improvement by Pre-Processing

Channel
Data
Input
Encoder  Modulator

Demultiplexer

Channel
Encoder  Modulator

Statistical Layer Rate

Allocation

J. Du, Y. (G.) Li, D. Gu, A. Molisch, and J. Zhang, “Statistical rate allocation for layered
space-time system,” to appear in IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 489-496,
March 2007.
 Cross-Layer Optimization for Streaming Traffic:
Theoretical Framework

Continuous frequency Discrete subcarriers

G.-C. Song and Y. (G.) Li, “Cross-layer optimization for OFDM wireless networks – Part I
and Part II,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 614 – 634, March
2005. (Google citation: 120+72)
 Cross-Layer Optimization for Best Effort Traffic

G. Song, Y. (G.) Li, and L. J. Cimini, Jr., “Joint channel- and queue-aware scheduling
for multiuser diversity in wireless multicarrier networks,” to appear in IEEE Trans.
Commun.
 Cross-Layer Optimization: More

What happens if a network has different types of traffic?

G.-C. Song and Y. (G.) Li, “Utility-based resource allocation and

scheduling in OFDM-based wireless networks,” IEEE Commun.
Mag., vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 127 - 135, Dec. 2005.

How to evaluate performance theoretically?

G.-C. Song and Y. (G.) Li, “Asymptotic throughput analysis for

channel-aware scheduling,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 54, no.
10, pp.1827-1834, Oct. 2006.

Stability of CSI aware random access?

G. Ganesan, Y. (G.) Li, and Frederick W. Vook, “Stability region of

multicarrier channel aware Aloha,” IEEE Trans. Inf. The., vol.
53, no. 9, pp. 3212-3218, Sept. 2007.
Cognitive Radio: Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

: Licensed user

: Cognitive user

Primary

Cognitive users should not

cause interference to
licensed users

• G. Ganesan and Y. (G.) Li, “Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio: Part I: two
user networks,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 6, pp. 2204-2213, June 2007.

• G. Ganesan and Y. (G.) Li, “Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio: Part II:
multiuser networks,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 6, pp. 2214-2222, June 2007.

• G. Ganesan, Y. (G.) Li, B. Bing, and S.-Q. Li, “Spatial-temporal sensing in cognitive radio
networks,” IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun., vol. 26, pp. 5 – 12, January 2008.
 Contents

 Overview of my Research
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
 Single-Carrier with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC-FDE)
 Energy Spreading Transform (EST) based Modulation for Frequency-Selective
Channels
• Why EST?
• Spreading in Time and Frequency Domain
• System Description (Hard/Soft Decision)
• Performance Analysis
• Simulation Results
 Extension to MIMO Systems
 Extension to Doubly Selective Channels

16
 Principles of OFDM (I)
 How to communicate across an ISI channel with bandwidth W?
• Single Carrier: Transmit at symbol rate

f
-f0 0 f0

• Multi Carrier:
 Divide band into N narrow sub-channels
 Transmit at symbol rate 1/ T  W / N for each sub-channels
 N parallel transmission with rate W / N each
 Total rate  N W / N  W
 Avoids ISI when N is large that means symbol duration is long
W
N

... ...
f
-f0 0 f0 17
 Principles of OFDM (II)
 Symbol duration in parallel using N subcarriers
 Separation between adjacent subcarriers = (orthogonal condition)

g 0 (t )

G0 ( f ) G1 ( f ) GN 1 ( f )

g1 (t )
  
f

 0
1 N 1
g N 1 (t ) T T

Bandwidth = W 
N
T

18
 OFDM System
 IFFT is used to implement N parallel orthogonal subcarriers
 Inserting cyclic prefix (CP)
• avoids interference between OFDM symbols
• makes the convolution of IFFT values and channel impulse response “circular”
• makes the received signal after FFT as a multiplication of channel response and
data for each subcarrier (zero-forcing equalizer)

Channel
IFFT CPI Channel CPE FFT Equalization

Transmit Detected
Symbols Symbols

Transmitter Channel Receiver

CPI: Cyclic Prefix Insertion CPE: Cyclic Prefix Extraction 19

 Properties of OFDM
 Pros:
• Low-complexity signal detection for frequency-selective channels
• potentially achieve channel capacity by adaptive modulation and power
loading according to SNR of each subcarrier [water-filling algorithm]
• OFDMA: group subcarriers and allocate them to different users
 Cons:
• High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
• Sensitivity to Doppler: Channel variation within one OFDM symbol
duration incurs inter-carrier interference (ICI)
 Applications:
• ADSL, Digital Video Broadcast (DVB), Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB),
Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11a), Wireless MAN (WiMax IEEE 802.16),
Down-Link [base station to mobile] 3GPP LTE, etc.

20
 Contents

 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

 Single-Carrier with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC-FDE)
 Energy Spreading Transform (EST) based Modulation for Frequency-
Selective Channels
• Why EST?
• Spreading in Time and Frequency Domain
• System Description (Hard/Soft Decision)
• Performance Analysis
• Simulation Results
 Extension to MIMO Systems
 Extension to Doubly Selective Channels

21
 SC-FDE: Characteristics

 Block transmission scheme employing cyclic prefix (CP)

 No IFFT at the transmitter (single carrier)
 MMSE frequency-domain equalization at the receiver
 IFFT after the channel equalization at the receiver

D. Falconer et al. “Single carrier system with frequency-domain equalization

(SC-FDE),” IEEE Comm. Mag. Vol. 40, Apr. 2002

22
 SC-FDE: Principle

 Block diagram

Transmit SC-FDE Detected

Symbols Symbols

Channel
IFFT CPI Channel CPE FFT Equalization
IFFT

Transmit Detected
Symbols OFDM Symbols

Transmitter Channel Receiver

CPI: Cyclic Prefix Insertion CPE: Cyclic Prefix Extraction

23
 Properties of SC-FDE

 Pros:
• Each symbol occupies whole bandwidth  frequency diversity
• Low complexity frequency-domain equalization at the receiver (MMSE
equalization)
• Low PAPR [no IFFT at the transmitter, good for uplink]
• Multiple access based on single-carrier frequency-domain multiple
access (SC-FDMA)

 Applications:
• Uplink [Mobile to Base Station] in 3GPP LTE [due to its low PAPR]

24
 Contents

 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

 Single-Carrier with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC-FDE)
 Energy Spreading Transform (EST) based Modulation for Frequency-
Selective Channels
• Why EST?
• Spreading in Time and Frequency Domain
• System Description (Hard/Soft Decision)
• Performance Analysis
• Simulation Results
 Extension to MIMO Systems
 Extension to Doubly Selective Channels

25
 EST Based Modulation

 Block Diagram

Transmit Detected
Symbols EST Based Modulation Symbols

Transmit SC-FDE Detected

Symbols Symbols

Forward
EST CPI Channel CPE FFT IFFT IEST Decision
Filter

Feedback
EST
Filter

Transmitter Channel Receiver

CPI: Cyclic Prefix Insertion CPE: Cyclic Prefix Extraction

EST: Energy Spreading Transform IEST: Inverse Energy Spreading Transform

26
 EST Based Modulation vs. SC-FDE

 Similarities:
• Transmit symbols in blocks employing CP
• Use low-complexity frequency-domain equalization
− For the 1st iteration, EST-Based modulation performs the same as SC-FDE
• Each symbol occupies the whole frequency band

 Differences:
• In SC-FDE, each symbol occupies a single symbol time
• In EST Based Modulation, each symbol occupies whole block time
• EST Based Modulation uses iterative symbol detector at the receiver
• PAPR of EST Based Modulation is comparable to that of OFDM
• EST Based Modulation performs close to Matched Filter Bound (MFB)

27
 EST Based Modulation

 OFDM and SC-FDE are special cases of EST based modulation

xn ~
xn
EST CPI

~ ~ Transmitter
rn Rk x̂n
(i )
CPE FFT A
k
IFFT IEST Decision

delay
Receiver
bn(i ) EST

EST: Energy Spreading Transform IEST: Inverse Energy Spreading Transform

Ak(i ) : Forward Filter bn(i ) : Feedback Filter

 If “EST = IFFT” and “no feedback path”  It is OFDM

 If “EST = Identity” and “no feedback path”  It is SC-FDE

28
 Properties of EST Based Modulation

 Block transmission scheme like OFDM and SC-FDE

 Based on EST: EST spreads the symbol energy both in frequency and time
domain:
• Frequency-domain spreading obtains frequency diversity
• Time-domain spreading increases the reliability of feedback signal
 Iterative scheme, but independent of channel coding
• Different from turbo-like schemes
 Near genie-aided (interference-free) performance
Spreading Characteristics of OFDM, SC-FDE, and Ideal EST

Frequency-domain spreading Time-domain spreading

OFDM 0% 100%
SC-FDE 100% 0%
Ideal EST 100% 100%
29
 Energy Spreading Transform (EST)

 Spreading in time and frequency domain

Transform Transform Matrix Symbol vector

x0
x1

x2
= x
x3

xN 1

TIME DOMAIN

FREQUENCY
DOMAIN

: EST Matrix : Normalized Fourier transform matrix : Block size

 Ideal EST

 Ideal EST is a unitary transform that satisfies:

1) Magnitude condition:

Time-Domain Spreading Frequency-Domain Spreading

2) Phase condition:

Phase should be randomly and symmetrically distributed

31
 Measures for Spreading

 Time spreading measure: n-th time despreading factor of E

1 2

N 1 2
H
sT (E ; n)  ( (E H ) l , n  ) ,0  n  N  1
l 0 N
 Measure for the n-th column of E H

1 2
 
N 1 2
s F (E; n) sT (FE; n)  ( (FE) l , n  ) ,0  n  N  1
l 0 N
 Measure for the n-th column of FE
Notation
 Range of despreading factors: N : Block size
E : EST matrix
0  H
sT (E ; n), s F (E; n)  N 1 (N by N)
N F : Normalized
Fourier transfrom
Perfect spreading matrix (N by N)
No spreading
32
 EST Design
 How to Construct? Concatenate permutation and special unitary matrix:

 (Normalized) Fourier transform and Hadamard transform are good

candidates for due to their fast algorithms
 What are their spreading properties?
Spreding Properties of Some ESTs, N=2048 (1  n  N  1)
Average Variance Average Variance
Ei E d {sT (E iH , n)} Vd {sT (E iH , n)} E d {s F (E i , n)} Vd {s F (E i , n)}
E1  F H 0 0 9.99  10 1 0
E 2  P1 F H 0 0 4.89  10 4 4.73  10 10
E 3  F H P1 F H 4.89  10 4 4.59  1010 0 0
E4  T 0 0 5.54 10 2 3.43  10 3
E 5  P1 T 0 0 4.89  10 4 9.45  1010
E 6  F H P1 T 4.89  10 4 5.81  10 10 0 0

T : (Normalized) Hadamard Matrix F : (Normalized) Fourier Matrix 33

 EST: Frequency-Domain Spreading

 Look at the frequency-domain operation: Multiplication

H1
Channel
Frequency Response
Hk
H0
: Symbol Energy
H2


poor
EST FFT 
No Frequency Spreading


EST FFT 
good
Perfect Frequency Spreading

TIME DOMAIN FREQUENCY DOMAIN

34
 EST: Time-Domain Spreading

 Look at the time-domain (feedback) filter operation: Convolution

Reference time n =1

b1 b1 Feedback Filter Output

Feedback Filter: bn sliding

= Estimated Interference
b0 for Cancellation

poor

q1  b1 xˆ 0  b1 xˆ 2
EST
x̂0 x̂1 x̂2 x̂3 x̂4  xˆ N 1
No Time Spreading
 Incorrect energy = 1
~ ~
EST  q1  b1 ˆx0  b1 xˆ 2
good
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
x̂ 0 x̂1 x̂ 2 x̂ 3 x̂ 4  xˆ N 1
Perfect Time Spreading

2
: Incorrectly-decided Symbol Energy Incorrect energy =

: Correctly-decided Symbol Energy

N : Block size N
35
 Performance: Hard Decision
Relative frequency of error

 Asymptotic case (infinite N) SER

Law of large numbers:

 SINR for the n-th decision variable

(Independent of n)

 SER (Averaged over block)

 Threshold SNR: SNR at which

36
 Simulation Parameters

 Original Scheme:
• 1st Iteration: MMSE equalizer without feedback
• From 2nd iterations: Matched filter + ISI canceller
 Improved Scheme:
• Optimum filters that maximize SINR
 Block Size = 2048
 Channels
• Proakis-B
−
• Proakis-C
−

37
 Simulation: Original Scheme with Hard Decision

 Proakis-B channel
0
10
Simulation, N=2048
E1  F H (Same as OFDM)

-1
10
Same as SC-FDE

-2
1st iter. Analysis (Infinite N)
10

Simulation, N=2048
BER
MFB
2nd iter. E 2  PF H (Fourier)
-3
10
Simulation, N=2048
3rd iter.
E 5  PT (Hadamard)
-4
10
10th iter.

-5
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

SNR per bit (dB)

38
 Simulation: Original Scheme with Soft Decision

 Proakis-B channel
0
10

-1
10

1st iter.
Simulation, N=2048
E 2  PF H
-2
10
2nd iter.
BER
Simulation, N=2048
3rd iter.
-3 MFB E 5  PT
10

4th
iter.
-4
10

10th iter.
-5
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

SNR per bit (dB) DFE with Perfect Feedback

MLSD
39
 Simulation: Original Scheme

 Proakis-C channel
Analysis (Infinite N), 10th iter, Hard decision
0
10

Simulation, N=4096, 10th iter.

-1
10 Hard decision

1st iter.
-2
10

BER Simulation, N=4096, 10th iter.

Soft decision
-3 MFB
10

MLSD
-4
10

DFE with Perfect Feedback

-5
10
0 5 10 15 20

SNR per bit (dB)

40
 Effects of Block Size N

 Proakis-B channel, SNR = 10 dB

0
10

N=128
N=256
N=512
-1
10 N=1024
N=2048
N=4096

-2
10

BER
-3
10

-4
10

-5
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Iteration
41
 Simulation: Improved Scheme with Hard Decision

 Proakis-C channel
10th iter.
0
10 3rd iter. 2nd iter.

-1
10
1st iter.

-2
10

BER
2nd iter.
-3
Original equalization
10 MFB (Simulation)

Improved equalization
10th iter. (Simulation)
-4
10
3rd iter.
Improved equalization
(Analysis)
-5
10
0 5 10 15 20

SNR per bit (dB) 42

 Simulation: Improved Scheme with Soft Decision

 Proakis-C channel
0
10

-1
10
1st iter.

-2
10

BER 2nd iter.

MLSD
MFB
10
-3 3rd iter.
Original equalization
10th iter. (Simulation)

-4
10 Improved equalization
(Simulation)

-5
10
0 5 10 15 20
SNR per bit (dB)
43
 Contents

 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

 Single-Carrier with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC-FDE)
 Energy Spreading Transform (EST) based Modulation for Frequency-
Selective Channels
• Why EST?
• Spreading in Time and Frequency Domain
• System Description (Hard/Soft Decision)
• Performance Analysis
• Simulation Results
 Extension to MIMO Systems
 Extension to Doubly Selective Channels

44
 MIMO Signal Detection
 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system increases reliability and data transmission rate for wireless communications
 But, it introduces interference among different antennas
 Therefore, low complexity receiver that resolve those interference is necessary

Desired signal + interference + noise

Transmitter Receiver

nT nR

1 rn  Hx n  n n
(H ) n, k
~ N (0,
nT
)
[n R  1] [n R  nT ] [ nT  1] [ n R  1]
EST Based MIMO Detection: Flat fading channels

0
xn ~
xn 1
EST S/P .
.
.

nT  1
Transmitter

0 0 nT nT xˆ (ni ) Hard or
D (i) Soft decision
1 1 P/S IEST Decision
. .
. A (i) . delay
. .
B(i) S/P EST
nR  1 nT  1 nT nT xˆ (ni 1)
Receiver

A (i) : Forward Matrix B (i) : Feedback Matrix

S/P: Serial to Parallel Converter P/S: Parallel to Serial Converter
EST: Energy Spreading Transform IEST: Inverse Energy Spreading Transform
 Performance Analysis (Hard-Decision, Infinite N)
 Iteration = 1: MMSE detector
2 Notation
1 nT 1

 x2   ( M ) 
l ,l 
SINR : signal to interferen ce  noise ratio
SINR (1)   nT l 0  σ x2
SNR  2 : signal to noise ratio
1 nT 1 nT 1
 1 nT 1
 σn
 
2
x   | (M)l1 ,l2 |2    n2   (| A | )l ,l 
(1) 2

 nT l1  0 l2  l1   nT l 0  N : Block size
 Iteration  2: Matched filter + Interference canceller M  A (1)H
xˆn : decision
1 d n  xn  xˆn : decision - error
SINR (i) 
QH Ε{ } : Expectation
K H p ( i 1) ( p (i 1) ) 
SNR

p (i )   (SINR (i ) )

1 n 1n 1 | (G )l ,l |
2
1 n 1 1

T

KH   
T T
1 2
QH 
nT l 0 l l (G )l2 ,l
1 2 1
1 1
nT 0 (G )l ,l
l

N (i ) 1 2 : Average decision-error power

( )  2 E{ d n | symbol error at n}
normalized by signal power
N x
 Characteristics of Rayleigh Fading Channels
 Performance of the proposed receiver depends on K H and QH :
 For a channel with high K H and/or QH threshold SNR will be high
 We can show that as nT  nR   :

K H   1
m. s . s .
and QH   1
m. s . s .

 
m. s . s .
denotes convergence in mean square sense (MSS)
0.05 0.07

0.045
n =n =16 0.06
T R
0.04
n =n =16
T R
0.035 0.05

0.03
0.04

0.025

0.03
0.02 n =n =8
T R
n =n =8
T R
0.015
0.02

0.01 n =n =4
T R n =n =4
0.01 T R
0.005 n =n =2 n =n =2
T R
T R
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Distributions of KH Distributions of QH
 Simulation Results: Hard Decision
 Number of transmit and receive antennas: nT  nR  16
 Block Size: N  2048 for simulation, N   for analysis
 EST: E  PF 1 F: (Normalized) Fourier transform matrix
0
10

Simulation
Anaysis Legend

EST-genie: genie-aided receiver

10
-1
with ideal ST-EST.

BER
-2
10

1st iter.

10
-3 EST-genie
2nd iter.

5th iter.
-4
10
-10 -5 0 5 10 15

SNR per bit (dB)

 Simulation Results: Soft Decision
 Number of transmit and receive antennas: nT  nR  16
 Block Size: N  2048  EST: E  PF 1
0
10

Legend

CONV-genie - CONV-MMSE: conventional MMSE

-1
10 receiver without an EST
- CONV-ODF: conventional ordered
BER decision-feedback receiver without an
EST

-2
CONV-MMSE - CONV-genie: conventional genie-aided
10
receiver without an EST

- EST-genie: genie-aided receiver

with the ideal ST-EST.

-3 CONV-ODF
10

EST-genie
2nd – 5th iter. 1st iter.

-4
10
-10 -5 0 5 10 15

SNR per bit (dB)

 Simulation Results: Performance versus number of antennas

30

CONV-ODF
Hard decision (5th iter.)
25
Soft decision (5th iter.)
EST-genie
20

Required
15
SNR/bit/antenna
(dB)
10

-5
2 4 8 16

Number of antennas, nT  n R
Requires SNR/bit/antenna to achieve BER = 104 for different number of antennas
 Contents

 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

 Single-Carrier with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC-FDE)
 Energy Spreading Transform (EST) based Modulation for Frequency-
Selective Channels
• Why EST?
• Spreading in Time and Frequency Domain
• System Description (Hard/Soft Decision)
• Performance Analysis
• Simulation Results
 Extension to MIMO Systems
 Extension to Doubly Selective Channels

52
 Extension to Doubly Selective Channels

 Selective both in time and frequency

Channel response at time n and lag l

 Matrix form:

53
 Doubly Selective Channels

 Frequency domain:

Diagonal Off-diagonal

 Time domain:

Circulant Matrix Off-diagonal Matrix

Inter-symbol Interference Inter-carrier Interference (ICI)

(ISI)

 (d-k)th Doppler freq. component

 0th Doppler freq. component

54
 Summary

 OFDM has perfect spreading in time, but no spreading in frequency

 SC-FDE has perfect spreading in frequency, but no spreading in time
 For uncoded systems, the BER performance is in the order of
• EST Based Modulation > SC-FDE > OFDM
 EST based modulation spreads the symbol energy in both time- and
frequency domain
• Increases reliability of feedback signal
• Enables iterative signal detection without employing channel coding
• Performs close to MFB
• Can be extended to doubly selected and MIMO channels

55
 References

 T. Hwang and Y. (G.) Li, “Novel iterative equalization based on energy spreading

transform,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 190-203, Jan. 2006.

 T. Hwang and Y. (G.) Li, “Energy spreading transform based iterative signal

detection for MIMO fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications , vol. 5,
no. 7, pp. 1746-1756, July 2006.

 T. Hwang and Y. (G.) Li, “Optimum filtering for energy spreading transform based
equalization,’’ IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1182-1187, March
2007.

 T. Hwang, Y. (G.) Li, and Y. Yuan-Wu, “Energy spreading transform for down-link
MC-CDMA,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1522-1526, May 2008.