Lines

 Lines are used to construct a drawing.

 Lines are like the Alphabet of a drawing
language.
 As the Alphabet are used to form meaningful
words, various types of lines are used to
construct meaningful drawings.
 Each line in a drawing is used in a specific
sense, hence it must be drawn as per some
standard conventions.
 The conventions for the lines refer to the styles
and uses of various types of lines.
 Line Types

 The basic line-types are mentioned by BIS

in SP 46: 2003
 Straight, curved, continuous,

segmented.
 Thick, Medium, Thin

 To ensure proper thickness, proper grade

of pencil must be used.
 Line Width
 Line-width means thickness of a line, viz.
 Narrow—Thin
 Wide—Medium
 Extra Wide– Thick
 The proportions among Thin, Medium & Thick
lines are 1:2:4
 These line widths can be obtained by varying the
hand pressure.
 The line group 0.25 is the most preferred line
group for pencil drawing.

Line Groups
Common Line Groups based on line-widths are mentioned below:

Line Group Line Widths (in mm)

Thin Medium Thick
0.25 0.13 0.25 0.5
0.35 0.18 0.35 0.7
0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3
0.4 0.3 0.4 0.8
0.5 0.25 0.5 1.0
0.6 0.3 0.6 1.2
0.7 0.35 0.7 1.4
1.0 0.5 1.0 2.0
 For pencil drawings
Line- Thickne Lines to be drawn
group ss
(mm) for
pencil
drawing
0.2 Medium Out-lines, dotted lines, cutting
line plane lines
0.1 Thin line Centre-lines, section lines,
dimension lines, extension lines,
construction lines, leader lines,
short break lines, & long break
lines
 Pencil Grades Used
Lines Pencil
Grade

Initial work & construction lines H

Out-lines, dotted lines, section plane 2H

lines, dimension lines, arrowheads
Centre-lines & section lines 3H or 4H
 Pencil Grades Used
 Harder grade pencils are preferred for Thin
Lines & softer grade pencils, for Thick Lines.
 For Thick & Medium Lines, an H Grade Pencil is
advised while a 2H Grade Pencil may be used
for Thin Lines.
 2H Pencil—for Outlines, Centre-line, Break-
lines, etc.
 H Pencils—for Dimensioning, Arrowheads,
Hatching Lines, Lettering, Sketching, Circles,
Arcs, etc.
 Application of Various Lines

Thin

Medium

Thick

Thin
Medium

Thin
Thin

Medium

Thin
Thin

Thin

Thin
 Application of Various Lines
Lines are used to depict the following in context of technical
drawing:
 1. CONSTRUCTION LINES- Used for construction of geometric
features. These are supporting lines and do not represent the main
part or the edges of the object.(1A) [Continuous Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 2. PROJECTION LINES- Used to project a view
of the object.(1B)[Continuous Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 3. DIMENSIONAL LINES-Used to provide
dimensions on a drawing.(1C) [Continuous Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 4. EXTENSION LINES- An extension line is a short line
drawn perpendicular to an object line.(1D) [Continuous
Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 5. LEADER LINES- It is a line which connects a
note or dimension with the feature to which the
former applies.(1E) [Continuous Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 6. SECTION (HATCHING) LINES- Used to show
sectioned surfaces.(1F) [Continuous Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 7. OUTLINES OF REVOLVED SECTIONS- Used
to show the cross section of a bar along its
length.(1G) [Continuous Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 8. IMAGINARY LINES OF INTERSECTION- Used to
show the imaginary lines of intersections of two
surfaces or two solids.(1H) [Continuous Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 9. VISIBLE OUTLINES OF SECTIONED SURFACE- Used
to indicate the outline (other than the exterior outline) of
sectioned surfaces.(2A) [Continuous Medium]
 Application of Various Lines
 10. REFERENCE LINES IN PROJECTION & GROUND
LINE-(2B) [Continuous Medium]
 Application of Various Lines
 11. VISIBLE OUTLINES- Used to show outer visible boundaries &
visible edges of the object.(3A) [Continuous Thick]
 Application of Various Lines
 12. HIDDEN LINES-To show the invisible edges &
features of an object.(4&5) [Dashed Thin or Dashed
Medium].
 Application of Various Lines
 13. CENTER-LINES- To show the axes of holes,
cylindrical features, conical features, spheres, etc.
(6A) [Long Dashed Dotted Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 14. LINES OF SYMMETRY- To indicate the axis of
symmetry of a symmetrical object.(6B) [Long Dashed Dotted
Thin]

6B
 Application of Various Lines
 15. CUTTING PLANE LINES- To show the location of section-planes.
(6C&7) [Long Dashed Dotted Thin or Long Dashed Dotted Medium]
 Application of Various Lines
 16. LOCUS LINES-To show the path followed by a
moving point/ part of a mechanism.(8A) [Long Dashed
Double Dotted Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 17. ALTERNATE & EXTERME POSITIONS OF MOVABLE
PARTS- To show the different positions of the rotating,
oscillating or reciprocating parts of a mechanism during their
motion.(8B) [Long Dashed Double Dotted Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 18. OUTLINES OF ADJACENT PARTS- These are used
to show the boundary of other parts surrounding the part
under study.(8C) [Long Dashed Double Dotted Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 19. SHORT BREAK LINES- These are used to show the
moderate length bars or channels of uniform cross-section.
(9) [Continuous Freehand Thin]
 Application of Various Lines
 20. LONG BREAK LINES- These are used to show
comparatively longer bars or channels of uniform cross-
section.(10A) [Continuous Zigzag Thin].
 Application of Various Lines
 21. LIMITS OF PARTIAL OR INTERRUPTED
VIEWS- It signifies the break used to separate the
part of the object from a relatively less important
part.(10B) [Continuous Zigzag Thin].