GOVT.

OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATION
CENTRAL FARM MACHINERY TRAINING & TESTING INSTITUTE,
BUDNI, MP, 466445
Father of tillage – jethro tull
Plant absorb minute particle of soils. Therefore he
suggested that through ploughing and other
operation were necessary so us to make soil into
fine particle.
Ideal condition of soil can be achieved by the
manipulating of the soil properly and bringing it in
good tilth through a series of mechanical operation
like ploughing, clod crushing, harrowing, leveling
compacting, and interculturing etc. By tillage
implement.
 Tillage is the consist of breaking the hard
compact surface to a certain depth and other
that are followed for plant growth.
Tillage is the physical manipulation of soil with
tool and implement for loosening the surface
crust and bringing about condition favorable
for the germination of seed and growth of
crops.
MOISTURE MANAGEMENT:-
To increase infiltration rate
To increase soil moisture holding capacity
To increase aeration to reduce evaporation losses
To provide drainage to remove excess water
EROSION CONTROL:-
Contour tillage ,contour cultivation across the slope
WEED CONTROL:-
Check weed growth and avoid moisture competition
MANAGEMENT OF CROP RESIDUE:-
Mixing of trace and decomposition of crop residue, retention of trace
on top layer reduce the erosion of soil.
• It is aimed to reducing tillage operation to the
minimum necessary for ensuring a good
seedbed, rapid germination & fevorable
growing condition.
• It involves soil disturbance, though to a much
lesser extant.
• Keep 30 to 50% crop residue on soil surface
• Placement of seed into soil without penetration.
• It is an extreme form of minimum tillage, Primary
tillage is completely avoided and secondary
tillage is restricted to seed bed preparation in the
root zone only.
• It is the direct sowing of seed in the field without
any disturbance of soil.
• Ex. Sowing of wheat in standing cotton.
 Stubble mulch tillage at all times by growing a crop
or by crop residue left on the surface during fallow
period, it is year around system of managing of
plant residue with implement the undercut residue,
loosen the soil and kill weed.
modern method of tillage are not practiced in Indian
condition because:
 Left over residue is a valuable fodder and fuel.
 Limit use of heavy machinery & therefore soil
compaction problem is rare.
It mainly includes the ploughing operation which is
opening of the compacted soil with the help of different
plough.
Plough is done to:
Open the hard soil
Separate the top soil
invert the top soil whenever the necessary
uproot the weed and stubbles
Primary tillage machinery:-
M.B. plough, disc plough, sub soiler, rotary tiller.
 PRIMARY TILLAGE

MB PLOUGH

ROTARY TILLER
SUB SOILER
 Lighter or finer operation performed on the soil after
primary tillage are known as secondary tillage. Which
includes operation after ploughing leveling, harrowing.
Secondary tillage done to:-
Works the soil to shallow depth
Level the firm soil
Close air pockets
Kill weed and help conserve moisture.
Secondary tillage implement:-
Disk harrow
Rigid and spring loaded cultivator
Roller pocket and roller harrow
DISC HARROW CULTIVATOR
CASTING METHOD
GATHERING METHOD
MIXED METHOD
CORNER TO CORNER METHOD
 Whenever a plough works
round a strips of unplough
land is said to be casting.
 The tractor and plough
turns turn to the left each
time.
 This is good practice for
fields having higher
elevation in centre.
 Dead furrow makes in
casting method.
 Whenever a plough works
round a strip of ploughed
land it is said to be gathering.
 The tractor and plough turns
to the right each time the
head land reached.
 This is good practice for
leveling the field which has
lower elevation in the centre.
 The back furrow makes in
gathering method.
 This is combination of both
casting and gathering
method applicable for
larger field.
 In this method the whole
field divided into no. of
strips approx 20m 30m.
 This gives saving in fuel and
time.
• This type of ploughing is
carried out by reversible
plough.
• At the end of each furrow
while turning, the MB plough
is turned to the other side.
• This method saving of time by
avoiding unnecessary turning.
Based on the horsepower of the tractor the
matching plough should be selected.
Track width should always be correct.
Each and every plough adjustment should be
carried out.
Correct ploughing method is essential.
Choose the depth of ploughing as with the type
of soil.
 Draft (Kg) = Size of plough(cm) X depth of ploughing (cm) X soil resistance
(kg/cm2)
Dbhp = Draft (Kg) X speed (km/hr)
• 270

S.N. Type of Soil Soil resistance (kg/cm2)

1 Sandy soil 0.2

2 Sandy loam 0.3
3 Silt loam 0.35 - 0.5
4 Clay 0.4 - 0.56
5 Heavy loam 0.5 – 0.7
6 Black 1.0 – 1.4
• Track width is the distance
between the centre of two
rear or front wheel.
• If the track width is more
then the tractor exerts the
desire pull on left side.

FRONT TYRE SIZE REAR TYRE SIZE TRACK SETTING

6-18 11-28 48” FRONT 52” REAR
6-16 11-32 48” FRONT 52” REAR
6-16 10-28 52” FRONT 52” REAR
6-16 13-28 52” FRONT 56” REAR
MB PLOUGH
DISC PLOUGH
ROTARY TILLER
SUBSOILER
• Buries some are all of
trash and crop residue.
• Aerates the soil
• Controls weeds, insects
and crop diseases.
• Incorporates fertilizer
into the soil
• Provides good seedbed
for good germination.
Plough bottom Plough accessories
• Share Coulter
jointers
• Mould board Plough frame and beam
• Land side Plough hitch
• Frog Cover boards
Weed hooks
Clod buster or plow packer
Moldboard extensions
• The mould board bolted to the side of the frog just
above the share. It turns the furrow slice on its
edge.
General purpose
Have fairly slow turning
mould boards which works well in
sod and for faster ploughing,
stubble ordinary trash and stalk
cover.
High speed
It has less curvature at upper end
fitted with throwaway shear when
worn out, used for high speed
ploughing.
 Stubble bottom
Have an abruptly curved mould
board which turns the furrow slice
quickly, the sharply turned mould board
thoroughly pulverizes soil.

Slatted bottom
Scour better in difficult soil, suitable for
sticky soil.

Scotch bottom
Used in heavy close textured clay soil and
tough sod. The long curved mouldboard
sets each furrow slice on edge.
Semi deep bottom
Have high mould board to permit
deep ploughing.
 It is a flat metal piece
bolted to the frog, and
forms one side of the
plough bottom “wedge” .
It helps to:-
 Absorbs side forces
 Steadies the plough
 Helps to keep the plough in
straight
 Share is the business end
of the plough bottom. it
cuts the underside of the
furrow slice away from the
land.
Main parts of the share:-
• Cutting edge
• Wing of share
• gunnel
• By cutting the trash into
shorter lengths, it enables
the plow bottom to cover
better.
• Cuts through trash which
otherwise might drag on
the shin and beam.
• Helps in cutting the
furrow slice free
vertically. This assists in
securing a clean furrow
wall.
1. The jointer has a shape
similar to the plow
bottom. It cuts out a
narrow ribbon of soil just
above and a little ahead
of the plow.
2. Any trash it can handle
is moved over on the
furrow slice toward the
ploughed ground in a
position to be buried
deeper.
3. A little soil is thrown on
top of the trash to lessen
its tendency to pitch.
• Cross shaft setting
The cross shaft is set to the nominal
width of cut 12” and this can be
varied by rotating the cross shaft by
1/8” forward or rear ward to
decrease or increase it by 1”
• Lower link setting
Use leveling lever provided at the
right site of the tractor to get
plough frame parallel to the ground
• Top link setting
If the front bottom goes deeper
then the rear , the top link should
be lengthen
Shorten the top link if the rear
bottom penetrate more then the
front bottom
Vertical or down suction
 This is the bend downward of the
point to share to make the plough
penetrate the soil is to the proper
depth when the plough is forward.
 The amount of suction shall vary
from 1/8 to 3/16 inch.
Horizontal suction
 Horizontal suction is the amount the
point of share is bend off line with
the land.
 Object of suction is to make the
plough take the proper amount of
furrow width.
 The amount is usually about 3/16
inch.
 Cutting and inversion is
performed by means of disc.
 This was introduced to
reduce friction by making
rolling action instead of a
bottom that would slide
along .
 Disc plough create no suction
but penetration depends
upon weight and angle of
penetration .
 It must be operated in fairly
slow uniform speed for best
cutting action and width of
cut control.
• It is adopted to conditions where MB plough
will not work
• It is suitable fro dry hard ground that cannot
be penetrated with MB plough
• Rough stony & rooted ground where disc will
ride over the root
• Sticky waxy soil where MB plough does not
scoured
• Soil where deep reclamation work is required
 standard Cross shaft

• Concave discs
• Disc bearing scraper

• Disc scraper
• Standard
• Cross shaft
• Frame Furrow wheel
Disc bearing
• Furrow wheel
Concave disc
• Size of disc is given in term of diameter and thickness
for ex. 26 x 3/16 means 26 is diameter in inches & 3/16 is gage
(thickness) number in inch
Diameter varies from 24 to 36” (60 to 80 cm ) concavity is called
as dish which varies according to diameter
for ex. A 60 cm has 8.5 to 10 cm concavity
& 65 cm has 9.4 to 11.3 cm
• Depth and width of cut depends upon diameter of disc
About 1/3 of diameter is limit for the depth
a typical 65 cm diameter disc cuts a furrow width of 25 cm and 8 to
9 cm depth
disc are made up of high carbon steel
for rough – alloy steel
• Each disc is equipped with
the scraper which gives
good turning effect to
furrow slice for better
covering of trash much
better .

• It also help to clean the disc

to get better pulverization

There are three types of

scraper
1. MB –trashes
2. Disc – heavy soil
3. Hoe – sticky soil
• Connect the disc
bearing to the plough
beam
• However in some of
the design there is –no
standard beam is bend
down for disc
attachment
• Roller bearing are
usually mounted in
pairs
• Taper roller bearing
absorb forces in all
direction and can
readily adjusted.
It is fixed at rear end of
the plough to main
plough beam

Purpose – to stabilize
the rear end of the
plough and to hold it in
the position to control
the width of cut by the
front disc
• Cutting angle
adjustment
• Width of cut
adjustment
• Leveling the plough
• Tightening the bearing
• Scraper adjustment
• Furrow wheel
adjustment
Disc angle
 It is the angle which the plain
of cutting edge makes with
the line f travel.
 It is normally 42° - 47°.
 Reducing the angle increase
disk rotation with respect to
ground speed & reduce the
tendency of over cut.
 Increasing the angle improve
the disc penetration.
Tilt angle
• It is the angle which the
plane of cutting edge makes
with the vertical line.
• It ranges from normally 15° -
25°.
• Increasing the tilt angle
improve the penetration in
heavy and sticky soil.
• Decreasing the tilt angle
improve penetration in loose
and brittle soil.
 Rotary tiller is a machine
designed for preparing land
suitability for sowing
seed(without overturning
of the soil),for eradicating
weeds.
 It offers an advantage of
rapid seedbed preparation
and reduced draft to
conventional tillage.
 Propeller shaft
 Slip clutch
 Gear box
 Side drive
 Blade
- L shape
-C shape
-High Speed blade
-Straight knife blade
-Long shank blade
 Depth shoe
 Rotor haft
• Effect of soil type
• The effect of rotor speed
• The effect of travel speed
• The effect of rear shield
• The effect of soil moisture
• The effect of no. of blade per flange
Daily
• Lubricate the entire machine
• Check level of oil in the gear box
• Check rotor for loose, bent or broken blade
• Check the machine for loose bolt and worn bolts
• Check near rotor bearings
Periodic
• Check the condition of blade and replace bent or worn blade
• Check lubricant oil in the gear box, drain , flush and refill them.
• Check the lubricate in all bearings
• Check rotor and proper scroll pattern of blade
 The subsoiler used to
breakup impervious layer
and hard pan caused due to
constant use of tillage
implement movement of
heavy tractors, implement,
loaded trailer etc.
parts of subsoiler :
• Shank or standard
• Beam or tool bar
• tooth or share
Disc harrow
Cultivator
Disk harrows are adopted to wide variety of uses
and do an effective job of covering and cutting.
 Disc Blades
-Plain disc
-serrated disc
 Gang( group of
more then 2 disc)
 Bearings
 Main frame
 Scraper
 Spool
 Castelled nut
Penetration of disc depends upon:
The angle of disc gang
The weight of the harrow
The sharpness of the discs
 The size of the discs
The concavity of the discs
The angle of the hitch
 Teeth are like spikes, so is
the name.
 Used to smooth and level
the soil after plowing.
 Stir the soil up to 5 cm.
 Frame is triangular or
rectangular.
 Rigidly attached pointed
pegs of about 23cm long.
 Depth of penetration is
increased by weight.
Used to loosen the
previously ploughed
soil.
Penetrate more than
the spike tooth harrow.
To remove stubbles &
hidden roots, weeds.
The tines can be
removed for
sharpening.
 Popularly known as
‘BAKHAR’ .
 Does not go deep in
soil.
 Used for killing of
weeds & covering of
trash.
 Width harrow varies
between 38-108 cm.
 Cultivator Used for opening
the land, preparing the seed
bed for sowing the seed.
 Tractor mounted cultivators
are also available which may
be shovel type and sweep
type.
 The number of the tines is
in odd number & most
popular tillers are 7, 9, 11 &
13.
 7, 9, & 11 tine tillers are
used for tractors up to 35
HP, 13 tine tiller is used for
tractor having above 50 HP.
Rigid Type
It has a tine made out single piece
heat treated steel forging & are
designed to avoid trash collection.
They carry reversible point made
of heat treated hard carbon steel.
Rigid tine tillers are sweep type,
shovel type, duck foot type, etc.
Spring loaded
It having two sturdy spring
mounted on steel pins. The
tines are single piece forgings
of heat treated medium carbon
steel. The tines are so designed
as to avoid trash collection.