INDUSTRIAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

AMRELI
SECTOR-ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EAT-03: OPERATION &

MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENTS
USED IN HT, LT, SUBSTATION &
CABLE JOINTING.
DURATION -06 MONTHS

Prepared By :
Kum.T.M.Bhatt
Necessity of Transmission & Distribution

This advance module will be providing multi skill

training to meet the skill requirement of electrical
sector of industries.
Transmission & distribution of electric energy
have being developed since 20th century. Bulk
power is generated in power station which is very
efficient so transmission & distribution must be
required. Because of transmission & distribution,
all consumers & industries get electricity.
 COURSE CONTENTS
-:THEORY:-
• Horn gap switches
• Disconnect switches
• Grounding switches
• Surge arrestors
• Current limiting reactors
• Instrument transformer
• Protection of system
• Protective devices
• Relays
 COURSE CONTENTS
-:THEORY:-
• Introduction of transmission
• Methods of power transmission
• Mechanical aspects of overhead line
• Electrical aspects of overhead line
• Underground cable
• Cable jointing
• Substation construction
• Substation equipment
• Power transformer
• Circuit breaker
 COURSE CONTENTS
-:PRACTICAL:-
• Measurement of resistance of conducting material.
• Measurement of earth resistance.
• Making up a straight splice for different cables.
• Practice of lying of cables in trenches/pipes.
• Jointing of cables in lead sleeves.
• Jointing of cables in epoxy sleeves.
• Termination of cable conductor.
• Earthing of substation installation.
• Handling and operation of equipment used in transmission line.
• Maintenance of transformer equipment.
• To test the polarity of single phase transformer.

•
 COURSE CONTENTS
-:PRACTICAL:-
•Replacement of oil and testing of its die electric strength.
•Recharge the silica gel in breather.
•Study the operation of oil circuit breaker.
•Study the operation of air circuit breaker.
•Study the operation of gas filled circuit breaker.
•Study the operation of vacuum circuit breaker.
•Study the operation of MCB circuit breaker.
•Installation of fuses on H.T. line & L.T. line.
•Detection of faults in cable and rectify.
•Filling up the cable jointing box.
•Testing, installing and reading of electrical
measuring instruments.
 COURSE CONTENTS
-:PRACTICAL:-

•Connections of energy measuring meter through

C.T. & P.T.
•Testing and charging of emergency battery.
 OBJECTIVE
To discuss need of transmission of electric power
& its advantages & disadvantages.
To discuss material used for conductors, insulators
& their characteristics.
To discuss protective devices & equipment used in
sub station.
To repair & maintain equipment used in different
types of lines & substation.
To understand the concept of cable jointing.
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM.
 ELEMENT OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.

i. Step –up transformer.

ii. Line support.
iii.Line insulator.
iv.Conductor.
v. Step-down transformer.
vi.Protective device.
vii.Regulator.
 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINE
• A.C. transmission line.
i. A.C. three phase three wire system.
ii. A.C. three phase four wire system.
iii.A.C. single phase two wire system.
iv.Mid point earth type A.C.single phase two wire system.
• D.C. transmission line.
i. D.C. two wire system.
ii. Mid point earth type D.C. two wire system.
 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Transmission system & distribution

TRNSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM:-

ELEMENT
ELEMENT OF
OF POWER
POWER SUPPLY
SUPPLY SYSTEM
SYSTEM

GENRATING
GENRATING STATION
STATION

PRIMARY
PRIMARY TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION

SECONDRY
SECONDRY TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION

PRIMARY
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION

SECONDARY
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION
TRNSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER
ELEMENT OF POWER SYSTEM:-

ELEMENT
ELEMENT OF
OF TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
SYSTEM

PROTECTIVE
PROTECTIVE DEVICE
DEVICE STEP
STEP UP
UPTRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER

REGULATOR
REGULATOR STEP
STEP DOWN
DOWN TRNSFORMER.
TRNSFORMER.

CONDUCTOR
CONDUCTOR LINE
LINE SUPPORT.
SUPPORT.

LINE
LINE ISULATOR
ISULATOR
CONSISTANCE OF TYPICAL POWER
SUPPLY SCHEME

•Generating station
•Primary transmission
•Secondary transmission
•Primary distribution
•Secondary distribution
 TRNSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:-

TRANSMISSON LINE
TRANSMISSON LINE

A.C. TRANSMISSION
A.C. TRANSMISSION D.C.TRANSMISION
D.C.TRANSMISION
A.C.THREEPHASE
A.C.THREE PHASE MID POINT
MID POINT EARTH
EARTH D.C.TWOWIRE
D.C.TWO WIRE MIDPOINT
MID POINTEARTH
EARTH
FOURWIRE
FOUR WIRESYSTEM A.C. SINGAL
SYSTEM A.C. SINGAL PHASE.
PHASE. SYSTEM.
SYSTEM. TYPESYSTEM.
TYPE SYSTEM.

A.C.SINGAL
A.C. SINGALPHASE
PHASE A.C.THREEPHASE
A.C.THREE PHASE
TWOWIRE
TWO WIRESYSTEM
SYSTEM THREEWIRE
THREE WIRE
OVER HEAD LINE.
TRNSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER

COMPONENTS OF OVER HEAD LINE:-

Conductor

Main comp-
Earth Onents of Line
Wire. Over head support
line

Line
Insulator
TRNSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER
CHARECTERISTICS OF CONDUCTING
MATERIAL:-

(a) High (b) High tensile

Conductivity Strength

(e) Low specific (C) Should not

Gravity. Be brittle

(d) Low
cost
TRNSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER
CHARECTERISTICS OF INSULATING
MATERIAL:-

(a) High (b) High tensile

specific resistance Strength

(c) High
(e) Easily available dielectric
strength

(d) Should
not be
porous
 SUPPORT

*FUNCTION:-
• It provides support to overhead conductor.
* SUPPORT AS A:-
• Tower
• Pole
CHARECTERISTICS OF SUPPORT
MATERIAL

(b) HIGH
(a) LOW
MECHANICAL
WEIGHT
STRENGTH

(e) LONG (C)HIGH

WORKING LIFE ACCESSIBILITY

(d) LOW
COST
 TRNSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER
CLASSIFICATION OF POLES:-

Types of
poles
Letasied steel
Wood Pole Steel pole RCC Pole
tower
A type
Nero base tower
Rail pole
H type Brode base tower
Tubular pole
Single pole
View of tubular Poles.
Transmission line (Steel tower)
Transmission line (Steel tower)
Transmission line (Steel tower)
TRNSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER
TYPES OF INSULATORS:-

(A) Pin type Insulator.

(C) Strain (B) Suspension type

Insulator. Insulator.

(D)Shackle type (E) Egg or Stay

Insulator. Insulator.
 TYPES OF INSULATORS USED IN
OVERHEAD SYSTEM.

• Pin type insulator.

• Suspension type insulator.
• Strain type insulator.
• Shackle type insulator.
• Egg or Stay insulator.
• Ring type insulator
TYPES OF INSULATORS
 STRING EFFCIENCY
DIFFERENT METHODS TO INCREASE STRING
EFFICIENCY:-

Types of method to
Increase the String
Efficiency.

(A)Use of long (B) Grading on (C) Use of Grading

Cross arm. Insulator. Ring.
Different type mounting arrangement of pole.
CORONA
FACTORS AFFECTING IN CORONA LOSSES.

• Condition of the corona effect.

• Potential difference is two conductor.
 CORONA
FACTORS AFFECTING ON CORONA LOSS:-

Factors affecting on
corona loss.

(1)Condition on the (2) Potential difference

Atmosphere. Between two conductor.
 CORONA
METHODS USED TO REDUCE CORONA LOSS:-

*Use of bundle *Increase of conductor

Conductor. Diameter.
 SAG
FACTORS AFFECTING ON SAG:-

FACTORS
FACTORS AFFECTING
AFFECTING ON
ON SAG
SAG..

Ice
Ice coating
coating Wight
Wight of
of conductor
conductor

Wind
Wind pressure.
pressure. Span
Span

Tempressure.
Tempressure. Working
Working tensile
tensile strength
strength..
PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINE
ELECTRICAL ASPECTS OF TRANSMISSION
LINE

Capacitance. Inductance.

Resistance
Transmission and Distribution supply system.
MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF TRANSMISSION
LINE

INSULATOR CONDUCTOR

SUPPORT
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINE

REPRESENTATION OF PERAMETERS OF
TRANSMISSION LINE:-

Nominal
Nominal
TT

Nominal
Nominal
ΩΩ
END
END
Capacitance
Capacitance
Short
Shortlength
lengthSingle
Single
Phase
Phaseline.
line.
Short
Shortlength
lengththree
three
Phase
Phaseline.
line.
Long
Longlength
lengthtransmission
transmission
Line.
Line.
 TRANSMISSION LINE

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE:-

Classification of
Transmission line.

(1)Short Line. (2)Medium line (3) Long line

( > 80 Km) (80 to 160 Km) (< 160 Km)
UNDERGROUND CABLE
 UNDERGROUND CABLE
CLASSIFICATION OF CABLE:-
1. Low voltage (L.T.) cable (operating
Voltage up to 1 KV

2. High voltage (H.T) 3.Super tension (S.T)

Cable (operating voltage Cable (operating voltage
Up to 11 KV) Up to 33 KV.)

4. Extra super tension

5.Extra super voltage
(E.H.T.) cable (operating
Cable (operating voltage
Voltage up to 66KV.
up to 132 KV.
 ELEMENT OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.

i. Step –up transformer.

ii. Line support.
iii.Line insulator.
iv.Conductor.
v. Step-down transformer.
vi.Protective device.
vii.Regulator.
 Characteristic of conductor materials.

• High conductivity.
• High tensile strength.
• Low specific gravity.
• Low cost.
• Long working life.
• Should not be brittle.
 APPLICATIONS OF INSULATOR
TYPES APPLICATIONS
•Pine type •L.T., H.T. distribution
Not above 66 kv
•Suspension type •O.h. transmission
More than 33 kv
•Strain type • At the end or sharp
curve
•As strain insulator on
•Shackle type
L.T. distribution
TYPES OF CABLE
UNDERGROUND CABLE
Core
Belted paper

Lead sheath

Bedding

Single wire
armoring

Overall Serving
 UNDERGROUND CABLE
EXTRA SUPER VOLTAGE CABLE:-

Oil filled cables.

(A) Single core oil filled cables used up to 132 KV.
(B) Three core oil filled cables used up to 66 KV.
Gas pressure cables.
(A) External pressure cables.
(B) Internal pressure cable.
(a) High pressure gas filled cable.
(b) Gas cushion cable.
(c) Impregnated pressure cable
TYPES OF INSULATING MATERIALS USED IN
CABLE

Vulcanized
Vulcanized
India
India
Rubber
Rubber. .Impregnated
Varnished
Varnished Impregnated
cambric
cambric Paper.
Paper.

Types
Typesofof
Polyvinyle
Polyvinyle Materials
Materials. . Silk
Silk&&
chloride
chloride Cotton
Cotton. .

Enamel
Enamel Rubber.
Rubber.
Insulation.
Insulation.
 UNDERGROUND CABLE
REQUIRED PROPERTIES OF INSULATING
MATERIALS FOR CABLE:-
High resitivity.
High dielectric strength.
Low thermal co-efficient.
Low water absorption.
Low permittivity.
Non – inflammable.
Chemical stability.
High mechanical strength.
High viscosity at impregnation temperature.
Capability to with stand high rupturing voltage.
High tensile strength and plasticity.
 UNDER GROUND CABLE
METHODS OF LAYING UNDER GROUND CABLE:-

1.Solid system. 2.Direct laying.

3. Draw-in
System.
 UNDER GROUND CABLE
FAULTS WHICH ARE LIKELY TO OCCUR IN
UNDER GROUND CABLE:-
1. Insulating fault between
line and earth.
2. Insulation fail between
two core.
3. Open circuit fault.
SUBSTATION
 TESTING OF INSULATOR

Testing of
insulator.

(1)Flash over (2)Performance (3)Routine

test test test
 SUBSTATION

FUNCTION OF SUBSTATION:-

• The main functions of sub-station are to receive

energy transmitted at high voltage from the
generating station, reduce to a value appropriate
for local distribution and provide facilities for
switching.
 The main equipment for Substation.
1. Main bus-bar.
2. Isolator.
3. Insulator.
4. Circuit breaker.
5. Load interrupter switches.
6. Fuses.
7. Power transformer.
8. Current transformer and potential transformer.
9. Control cable.
 SUBSTATION
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION:-

According to Service
1.Transformer sub-station

2.Industrial sub-station

3.Switching sub-station

4.Synchronous sub-station

5.Frequency sub-station

6.Converting sub-station.
 SUBSTATION
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION:-

According to Design.

1.Indoor type 2.Out door type

Sub-station. Sub-station.

(a) Pole mounted (b) Foundation mounted

Sub-station. Sub-station.
 SUBSTATION
MAIN EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUBSTATION:-

1.Main
1.Mainbus
busbar.
bar. 2.Insulator
2.Insulator. . 3.Isolator
3.Isolator. .

5.Load
5.Loadinterrupter
interrupter
4.Circuit
4.Circuitbreaker
breaker. . 6.Fuses
6.Fuses. .
Switches.
Switches.

8.Current
8.Current&
&potential
potential 9.Indicating
9.Indicating&Metering
&Metering
7.Power transformer .
7.Power transformer. Transformer.
Transformer. Instrument.
Instrument.

11.Carrier
11.Carriercurrent
current
10.Protective
10.Protectiverelays
relays. . 12.Control
12.Controlcable
cable. .
Equipment.
Equipment.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:-

1.Primary 2.Secondary
distribution. distribution.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
MAIN PARTS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:-

3.Service mains. 2.Distributor..

1.Feeder
View of distribution system.
View of L.T. distribution system.
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
METHODS OF FEEDING A DISTRIBUTOR:-

1.Redial system.

3.Inter connected
2.Ring mains
grid
system.
Type system.
SWITH GEAR
INTRODUCTION OF SWITCH GEAR.

TYPES OF SWITCH GEAR EQUIPMENT:-

1.Circuit
1.Circuit
Breaker
Breaker. .

2.Bus
2.Busbar
bar. . Equipment
Equipment 3.Fuses.
3.Fuses.

4.Protecti-
4.Protecti-
veverelay.
relay.
 BUS BAR SYSTEM
VARIOUS TYPES OF BUS BAR ARRANGE-
MENT SYSTEM:-

 Single bus bar system used in D.C. and A.C.

power station.
 Single bus bar system with sectionalization.
 Ring bus bar system.
 Duplicate bus bar system.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
TYPES OF FAULTS IN DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM:-

1.Over 2.Under
Current. Voltage.

3.Unbalence 4.Reversed
Voltage. power

5.Surge.
 FACTOR AFFECTING SAG.

i. Weight of conductor.
ii. Span between two poles.
iii.Working tensile strength.
iv.Ice- coating.
v. Wind pressure.
vi.Tem pressure.
Various type insulating materials in used in cable.

1. Rubber.
2. Vulcanized India rubber. (V.I.R.).
3. Impregnated paper.
4. Varnished cambric.
5. Polyvinyl chloride.
6. Silk and cotton.
7. Enamel insulation.
INTRODUCTION OF PROTECTION
SCHEME
 INTRODUCTION OF PROTECTION
SCHEME
DESIRED CHARECTERISTICS OF PROTECTION
SYSTEM:-
Characteristics of protection system.
1.Reliability
2.Sensitivity.
3.Selectivity.

4.Descrimination.

5.Speed.
6.Simplicity.
7.Economy.
 INTRODUCTION OF PROTECTION
SCHEME.
FUNCTION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS:-

The relay is used to cut off the power supply,

promptly to any element of power system which
undergoes short –circuit it starts operating
abnormally.
INTRODUCTION OF PROTECTION
SCHEME.
MAIN FEATURES OF RELAY:-
Main features of a good protective relay.

1.Reliability

2.Sensitivity.

3.Selectivity.

4.Quickness.

5.Non interference
With future extension.
 INTRODUCTION OF PROTECTION
SCHEME
DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELAY:-

2.Attracted armature 3.Electrodynemic

1.Solenoid type.
Type. Type.

4.Moving coil type. 5.Induction type. 6.Thermal relay.

7.Earth fault relay.

 INTRODUCTION OF PROTECTION
SCHEME.
RELAY USED FOR TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION:-

Types
Types of
of relay
relay..

1.Over
1.Over current
current 2.Buchholz
2.Buchholz 3.Earth
3.Earth fault
fault
Relay.
Relay. Relay.
Relay. Relay.
Relay.
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
TYPES OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:-

CURRENT POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER
CIRCUIT BREAKERS.
 Method of arc extinction in circuit breaker.

High resistance interruption.

(1) Arc lengthening.
(2) Arc cooling.
(3) Arc splitting.
(4) Arc constraining.
Low resistance interruption.
(1) Cooling.
(2) Gap lengthening.
(3) Blast effect.
HORN GAP SWITCHES/AIR GAP SWITCHES
•Construction on H.T. Line.
•Utilization on L.T. Line.
•Construction on H.T. Line.
•Utilization on L.T. Line.
 DISCONNECT SWITCHES
•Construction on H.T. Line.
•Utilization on L.T. Line.
•Construction on H.T. Line.
•Utilization on L.T. Line.
 GROUNDING SWITCHES
•Construction on H.T. Line.
•Utilization on L.T. Line.
•Construction on H.T. Line.
•Utilization on L.T. Line.
 SURGE ARRESTORS
•Construction on H.T. Line.
•Utilization on L.T. Line.
•Construction on H.T. Line.
•Utilization on L.T. Line.
CURRENT LIMITING REACTORS
•Construction on H.T. Line.
•Working on H.T. Line.
•Utilization on H.T. Line.
•Construction on L.T. Line.
•Working on L.T. Line.
•Utilization on L.T. Line.
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

CURRENT POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER
• Series connection • Parallel connection
• Step up transformer • Step down
transformer
• Never open secondary • Should be open
secondary
 Various type of bus-bar arrangement.

I. Single bus bar system used in D.C. and A.C.

power station.
II. Single bus bar system with sectionalisation.
III. Ring bus bar system.
IV. Duplicate bus bar system.
 CIRCUIT BREAKER

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS:-

Vacuum circuit
breaker

Types of
Sf6 Oil circuit
Circuit
circuit breaker breaker
breaker

Air blast
circuit breaker
INTRODUCTION OF PROTECTION
SCHEME
BASIC ELEMENT OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:-
1.Contact.

3.Operating
2.Insulation.
Mechanism.

4.Arc quenches medium.

CIRCUIT BREAKER-SF6
 INTRODUCTION OF PROTECTION
SCHEME.
METHODS OF ARC EXTINCTION OF CIRCUIT
BREAKER:-
High resistance interruption.
(1) Arc lengthening.
(2) Arc cooling.
(3) Arc splitting.
(4) Arc constraining.
Low resistance interruption.
(1) Cooling.
(2) Gap lengthening.
 INTRODUCTION OF PROTECTION
SCHEME.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

Low voltage air circuit breaker.

Oil circuit breaker.
Air blast circuit breaker.
SF6 circuit breaker.
Vacuum circuit breaker.
FUSE.
 FUSE.
TYPES OF MATERIAL USED IN FUSE WIRE:-

Lead. Copper.

Tin Silver.
 Types of Fuse element

Rewireable fuse.
Cartridge type fuse.
Drop out fuse.
High capacity H.R.C. fuse.
High voltage H.R.C. fuse.
 FUSE.
TYPES OF FUSES:-

Rewireable fuse.
Cartridge type fuse.
Drop out fuse.
High capacity H.R.C. fuse.
High voltage H.R.C. fuse.
 TRANSFORMER
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:-

ACCORDING TO CORE:-
1.Shell type
2.Core type
ACCORDING TO COOLING:-
1.Air natural 4.air forced
2.water natural 5.water forced
3.oil natural 6.oil forced
 TRANSFORMER

Construction
Working
Performance
Cooling
Parallel operation
Tap changing
Selsyn drive
 TYPES OF FAULTS IN DISTRIBUTION
POWER SYSTEM.
• Over current.
• Under voltage.
• Unbalance voltage.
• Reversed power.
• Surges.
 TYPES OF RELAYS.

I. Solenoid relay.
II. Attracted armature type relay.
III. Electrodynamics type.
IV. Moving type relay.
V. Induction type relay.
VI. Thermal relay.
VII. Over current relay.
VIII. Over voltage relay.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FUSES.
MAIN FEATURES OF GOOD PROTECTIVE
RELAYS.
• Selectivity.
• Sensitivity.
• Reliability.
• Quickness.
• Non- interference with future extension.
TYPES OF M.C.B.
TRANSFORMER.
 TRANSFORMER.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:-

Power transformer.
Auto transformer.
Transformer for Feeding installation with
static converters.
Testing of transformer.
Power transformer for special application.
CONSTRUCION OF TRANSFORMER:-
CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
 TRANSFORMER.
VARIOUS TYPES OF LOSSES IN
TRANSFORMER:-

Various types of losses.

Iron & core losses. Copper losses.

Hysterics loss. Eddy current loss.

 TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER OIL:-

It’s mineral oil obtained by refine crude

petroleum. It serves the following purpose.
Provide additional insulation.
Carries away the heat generated in the core &
coils.
Protects the paper from dirt & moisture.