Data Communication

• Electronic transfer of data from one

location to another
– Enables an information system to deliver
information
– Improves the flexibility of data collection
and transmission
– Basis of virtual organizations
– Provides e-collaboration
 A Communications Model
• What is the purpose of communications?
– Exchange of information between two parties
• Key elements
• Source: Generates data to be transmitted. E.g., telephones, PCs.
• Transmitter: A transmitter transforms and encodes the information
in such a way as to produce electromagnetic signals that can be
transmitted across some sort of transmission system.
• Transmission System
− It can be a single transmission line or a complex network connecting
source and destination.
• Destination: Takes incoming data from the receiver
• Receiver: The receiver accepts the signal from the transmission
system and converts it into a form that can be handled by the
destination device.

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Simplified Communications Model

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 Simplified Data
Communications Model
Assume the source and destination are PCs.
The source wishes to send a message m to the destination.

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6
IEEE Standards

• Running Ethernet over twisted-pair Unshielded twisted-pair

wiring as specified by IEEE 802.3
• Configure in a star pattern
• Twisting the wires reduces EMI
• Fiber Optic has no EMI

RJ-45 Plug and Socket

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 Twisted Pair Cables

 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP)

most popular
maximum length 100 m
prone to noise

Category 1 Voice transmission of traditional telephone

Category 2 For data up to 4 Mbps, 4 pairs full-duplex
Category 3 For data up to 10 Mbps, 4 pairs full-duplex
Category 4 For data up to 16 Mbps, 4 pairs full-duplex
Category 5 For data up to 100 Mbps, 4 pairs full-duplex
Category 6 For data up to 1000 Mbps, 4 pairs full-duplex
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Straight-through cable

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Straight-through cable pinout

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Crossover cable

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Crossover cable

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Rollover cable

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Rollover cable pinout

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 Straight-Thru or Crossover

Use straight-through cables for the following cabling:

 Switch to router
 Switch to PC or server
 Hub to PC or server

Use crossover cables for the following cabling:

 Switch to switch
 Switch to hub
 Hub to hub
 Router to router
 PC to PC
 Router to PC
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Cisco Icons and Symbols

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 Networking Devices

Equipment that connects directly to a network segment is

referred to as a device.

These devices are broken up into two classifications.

 End-user devices
 Network devices

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 Network Interface Card

A network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuit board

that provides network communication capabilities to and
from a personal computer. Also called a LAN adapter.

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 Hub
Connects a group of Hosts

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 Switch

Switches add more

intelligence to data transfer
management.

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 Router
Routers are used to connect networks together
Route packets of data from one network to another
Cisco became the de facto standard of routers because of their high-
quality router products
Routers, by default, break up a broadcast domain

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 Network Topologies
Network topology defines the structure of the network.

One part of the topology definition is the physical topology,

which is the actual layout of the wire or media.

The other part is the logical topology,which defines how the

media is accessed by the hosts for sending data.

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 Bus Topology
A bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is
terminated at both ends.

All the hosts connect directly to this backbone.

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 Ring Topology
A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last
host to the first.

This creates a physical ring of cable.

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 Star Topology
A star topology connects all cables to a central point of
concentration.

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 Mesh Topology
A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much
protection as possible from interruption of service.
Each host has its own connections to all other hosts.
 Although the Internet has multiple paths to any one
location, it does not adopt the full mesh topology.

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 LANs & WANs

LOGICAL TOPOLOGIES

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LANs

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WANs

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30
Bandwidth

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Measuring Bandwidth

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 What Are The Components Of A
Network ?
Home Mobile
Office Users

Internet

Branch Office Main Office

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34
 Why do we need the OSI Model?

To address the problem of networks increasing in size and in number, the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched many
network schemes and recognized that there was a need to create a network
model

This would help network builders implement networks that could

communicate and work together

ISO therefore, released the OSI reference model in 1984.

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 Don’t Get Confused.

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

OSI - Open System Interconnection

IOS - Internetwork Operating System

To avoid confusion, some people say “International

Standard Organization.”

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 The OSI Reference Model

7 Application The OSI Model will be

used throughout your
6 Presentation
entire networking
5 Session career!
4 Transport
3 Network
Memorize it!
2 Data Link
1 Physical

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Layer 7 - The Application Layer

7 Application This layer deal with

6 Presentation networking
applications.
5 Session
4 Transport Examples:
 Email
3 Network  Web browsers
2 Data Link
PDU - User Data
1 Physical

Each of the layers have Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

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Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer

7 Application This layer is responsible

for presenting the data in
6 Presentation
the required format which
5 Session may include:
4 Transport Code Formatting
Encryption
3 Network Compression
2 Data Link
PDU - Formatted Data
1 Physical

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 Layer 5 - The Session Layer

7 Application This layer establishes, manages, and

terminates sessions between two
communicating hosts.
6 Presentation
Uses network port numbers to identify wat
5 Session application or type of traffic is being sent

4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link PDU - Formatted Data

1 Physical

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41
 Layer 4 - The Transport Layer

7 Application This layer breaks up the data from the

sending host and then reassembles it in the
6 Presentation receiver.

5 Session
4 Transport PDU - Segments
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

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 Layer 3 - The Network Layer
Sometimes referred to as the “Cisco Layer”.
7 Application End to End Delivery
Provide logical addressing that routers use for
6 Presentation path determination

5 Session
4 Transport PDU – Packets – IP/IPX

3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

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 Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer
Performs Physical Addressing
7 Application This layer provides reliable transit of
data across a physical link.
6 Presentation Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames
5 Session Access to media using MAC address

4 Transport
3 Network PDU - Frames
2 Data Link
1 Physical

Preamble DMAC SMAC Data length DATA FCS

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 Layer 1 - The Physical Layer

7 Application
This is the physical media
6 Presentation through which the data,
5 Session represented as electronic signals,
is sent from the source host to
4 Transport the destination host.
3 Network Move bits between devices
2 Data Link Encoding
PDU - Bits
1 Physical

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Data Encapsulation

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Data Flow Through a Network

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 Type of Transmission
Unicast
Multicast
Broadcast

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Type of Transmission

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 Broadcast Domain
A group of devices receiving broadcast frames
initiating from any device within the group

Routers do not forward broadcast frames,

broadcast domains are not forwarded from one
broadcast to another.

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 Collision
 The effect of two nodes sending transmissions
simultaneously in Ethernet. When they meet on the
physical media, the frames from each node collide and
are damaged.

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 Collision Domain
The network area in Ethernet over which frames
that have collided will be detected.
Collisions are propagated by hubs and repeaters
Collisions are Not propagated by switches,
routers, or bridges

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 How They Operate
Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains:
1 4 4 4
Broadcast Domains:
1 1 1 4
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54
 Why Another Model?

Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the

historical and technical open standard of the Internet is
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack

make data communication possible between any two
computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP

reference model because it wanted a network that could survive
any conditions, even a nuclear war. 55
 TCP/IP Protocol Stack

7 Application

6 Presentation 5

Session Application
5
4
4 Transport Transport
3
3 Network Internet
2
2 Data-Link Data-Link
1
1 Physical Physical

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Application Layer Overview

File Transfer
- TFTP*
- FTP*
- NFS
E-Mail
- SMTP
Remote Login
Application
- Telnet*
- rlogin*
Transport Network Management
- SNMP*
Internet Name Management
- DNS*
Data-Link
*Used by the Router
Physical
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 Transport Layer Overview

Transmission Control Connection-

Application Protocol (TCP) Oriented

Transport User Datagram Connectionless

Protocol (UDP)
Internet

Data-Link

Physical

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 Port Numbers

F T S D T S R
T E M N F N I
Application P
P L T S T M
Layer
N P P P
E
T

21 23 25 53 69 161 520 Port

Transport Numbers
Layer TCP UDP

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Well known Port Numbers

Application Transport
Protocol Protocol Port Number

HTTP TCP 80

HTTPS TCP 443

FTP (control) TCP 21

FTP (data) TCP 20

SSH TCP 22

Telnet TCP 23

DNS TCP, UDP 53

SMTP TCP 25

TFTP UDP 69

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 TCP Port Numbers

Source Destination
…
Port Port

Telnet Z
Host A Host Z

SP DP Destination port = 23.

Send packet to my
1028 23 …
Telnet
application.

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 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the connectionless transport protocol in

the TCP/IP protocol stack.

UDP is a simple protocol that exchanges datagrams, without

acknowledgments or guaranteed delivery. Error processing and
retransmission must be handled by higher layer protocols.

UDP is designed for applications that do not need to put sequences of

segments together.

The protocols that use UDP include:

• TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
• SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol)
• DNS (Domain Name System)
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TCP vs UDP

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 Internet Layer Overview

Internet Protocol (IP)

Application
Internet Control Message
Transport Protocol (ICMP)

Internet Address Resolution

Protocol (ARP)
Data-Link
Reverse Address
Physical Resolution Protocol (RARP)

• In the OSI reference model, the network layer

corresponds to the TCP/IP Internet layer. 64
Internet Control Message
Protocol

Application

Transport Destination
1 Unreachable
ICMP
Echo (Ping)
Internet
Other
Data-Link

Physical

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