The document discusses various approaches and models for effective managerial communication. It outlines the key elements that must be considered when formulating a communication strategy, including defining the overall message, intended audience, potential barriers, establishing credibility, and assessing feedback. Proper message organization and delivery are important, depending on whether the direct or indirect approach is most appropriate. The document emphasizes that communication is probabilistic and context-dependent, and effective communication strategies must account for contingencies.
The document discusses various approaches and models for effective managerial communication. It outlines the key elements that must be considered when formulating a communication strategy, including defining the overall message, intended audience, potential barriers, establishing credibility, and assessing feedback. Proper message organization and delivery are important, depending on whether the direct or indirect approach is most appropriate. The document emphasizes that communication is probabilistic and context-dependent, and effective communication strategies must account for contingencies.
The document discusses various approaches and models for effective managerial communication. It outlines the key elements that must be considered when formulating a communication strategy, including defining the overall message, intended audience, potential barriers, establishing credibility, and assessing feedback. Proper message organization and delivery are important, depending on whether the direct or indirect approach is most appropriate. The document emphasizes that communication is probabilistic and context-dependent, and effective communication strategies must account for contingencies.
Arrow Approach: Effective Expression= Effective Communication (Shannon and Weaver) The Circuit Approach: Understanding= Effective Communication (Wilbur Schramm) Message • What is my overall message? • How do I formulate my message to make it acceptable to my audiences? • What do I expect others to do because of my message> Message Organization Direct Approach Indirect Approach Audience Reaction Eager/Interested/Pleased Displeased Uninterested/Unwilling /Neutral Message Opening Start with the main idea, Start with a neutral Start with a statement or the request or the good statement that acts as a question that captures news transition to the reasons attention for the bad news Message Body Provide Necessary Give reasons to build up Arouse the audience’s Details to the negative answer interest in the subject. or announcement. State Build the audience’s or imply the bad news desire to comply. and make a positive suggestion Message Close Close with a cordial Close cordially Request Action comment, a reference to the good news or a statement about the specific action desired Communicator Credibility: Initial and Acquired: Credibility Circuit Communicator Questions: • Am I the best person to deliver the message? • If not, who should deliver the message • Who would be the most credible person or otherwise effective communicator for different messages or audiences? Audiences Questions: • Who are my primary audiences? Secondary audiences? • What are their interests in this situations? • What are their stakes in the outcomes? • How will they be affected by my messages? • How should I ask for feedback from this audience? Barriers to Communication
Semantic Socio-Psychological Personal
• Vocabulary Barriers Organizational • Emotional Conflicts • Jargons Perceptual • Poor Listening • Euphemisms Physical Barriers Organizational • Poor retention Differences Structure • Slangs • Premature Evaluation Noise • Abstract and Ambiguous Attitudinal Rules and Words differences Distance Regulations • Wrong translation Conflicting Signals Faulty Equipment Role and Status Halo Effect Stereotyping Probabilistic nature of Communication • Communication is the transmission and/or reception of signals through some channel/s that humans interpret based on a probabilistic system that is deeply influenced by context. Communication Breakdown • When only one possibility is perceived • The sender purposely used language that has multiple interpretations: Strategic Ambiguity. • The Receiver May purposely Misunderstand • The receiver may constructively understand a message Assessing the value of Ambiguity Variables of Contingency Theory Dance Approach: Coordinated Management of Meaning Communication is the process by which persons co-create, maintain and alter patterns of social order, but … the coordination of talk through which patterns of order emerge is not necessarily based on mutual understanding or a shared social reality. -W.B.Pearce, L.M.Harris, and V.E. Cronen. Rigor and Imagination. Feedback • How will I determine if my audience is receiving my messages as I intend? • How will I measure or assess the impact? Variables of Communication Strategy in Contingency Approach: • PMI’s 2013 Pulse of the ProfessionTM report revealed that US$135 million is at risk for every US$1 billion spent on a project. Further research on the importance of effective communications uncovers that a startling 56 percent (US$75 million of that US$135 million) is at risk due to ineffective communications.