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Kirchhoff Law
Kirchhoff Law
Kirchhoff Law
Discussion D2.1
Chapter 2
Sections 2-1 – 2-6, 2-10
1
Basic Laws
• Ohm's Law
• Kirchhoff's Laws
• Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Source Exchange
2
Georg Simon Ohm (1789 – 1854)
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/PictDisplay/Ohm.html
3
Resistance
resistivity in Ohm-meters
Resistance R l A
l = length
4
Ohm's Law
v -
+
i R
-
+
v v
v iR i R
R i
R i1
v i1R (i i1 )
v -
+
+
v -
+
1
G Unit of G is siemens (S),
R
1 S = 1 A/V
i i
v i Gv G
G v
6
Power
A resistor always dissipates energy; it transforms
electrical energy, and dissipates it in the form of heat.
2
i (t )
p(t ) v(t )i (t ) Gv (t )
2
0
G
7
Basic Laws
• Ohm's Law
• Kirchhoff's Laws
• Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Source Exchange
8
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824 – 1887)
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/PictDisplay/Kirchhoff.html
9
CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY
• Topology: How a circuit is laid out.
• A branch represents a single circuit (network)
element; that is, any two terminal element.
• A node is the point of connection between two or
more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit (network).
• A loop is said to be independent if it contains a
branch which is not in any other loop.
10
Fundamental Theorem of Network Topology
b l n 1
Example
b 9
7W
1W 2W 6W
DC 3W 4W 5W 2A n 5
l 5 11
Elements in Series
Two or more elements are connected in series if they
carry the same current and are connected sequentially.
I
R1
R2
V0
12
Elements in Parallel
Two or more elements are connected in parallel if they
are connected to the same two nodes & consequently
have the same voltage across them.
I
I1 I2
R1 R2
V
13
Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
i
n 1
n 0
i
n 1
n 0 i2
i1 i3
i5 i4
i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 0
15
Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
The algebraic sum of the currents entering
(or leaving) a node is zero.
i2
Entering: i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 0 i1 i3
i5 i4
Leaving: i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 0
The sum of the currents entering a node is
equal to the sum of the currents leaving a node.
i1 i2 i4 i3 i5 16
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
v
m 1
m 0
19
Series Resistors
I
+ V0 V1 V2 IR1 IR2
R1 V1
- I R1 R2
A
+
R2 V2 IRs
V0
- Rs R1 R2
I
Rs
V
20
Voltage Divider
V0 V0
I I
Rs R1 R2
R1 V1
V0
V2 IR2 R2
A R1 R2
R2 V2
V0
R2
V2 V0
R1 R2
R1
Also V1 V0
R1 R2
21
Basic Laws
• Ohm's Law
• Kirchhoff's Laws
• Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Source Exchange
22
Parallel Resistors
I V V
I I1 I 2
R1 R2
I1 I2
V
R1 R2 1 1
V
R1 R2
V
1 1 1 Rp
I
Rp R1 R2
Rp
V R1 R2
Rp
R1 R2
23
Current Division
i
v(t ) R2
+
i1 (t ) i (t )
i1 i2 R1 R1 R2
i(t) R1 R2 v(t)
-
v(t ) R1
i2 (t ) i (t )
R2 R1 R2
R1 R2
v(t ) R p i (t ) i (t )
R1 R2
24
Current Division
N resistors in parallel
1 1 1 1
v(t ) R p i (t )
Rp R1 R2 Rn
v(t ) R p
Current in jth branch is i j (t ) i (t )
Rj Rj
25
Basic Laws
• Ohm's Law
• Kirchhoff's Laws
• Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Source Exchange
26
Source Exchange
ia ia '
+ +
Rs vs
vab Rs v
ab
Rs
DC vs
- -
Rs vs
RL vL Rs RL vL
Rs
DC vs
- -
RL Rs vs
vL vs ia ' ia
Rs RL Rs RL Rs
vs RL
ia vL ia ' RL vs
Rs RL Rs RL
Voltage across and current through any load are the same28