TEXT

STRUCTURES
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND
PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
PRE-ACTIVITY
• Read each text silently and identify
the text type it entails.
• Write your answer on the blank
space after no. 9.
DEFINITION
• explains the nature of something
• describes the thing being defined and/or cite
examples of it.
• signal words:
• verb is/are
• for example
• can be
• is defined as
• means
DEFINITION
• Words to refer composition:
• contain
• make up
• involves
• words that suggest likeness such as
• appears to be
• refers to
DEFINITION
• general words that refer to a class/genus:
• a form of (exercise)
• a branch of (engineering)
• a type of (worship)
• a kind of (ship)
• etc
DESCRIPTION
• gives concrete details about
appearance, characteristics, and
actions
• signal words are adjectives like size,
shape, position, texture, color
• adverbs to qualify an action or thing
• adjective phrases
RECOUNT OF A
SEQUENCE
• is a chronological narration of a
historical period, a sequential
description of a process or a
procedure
• signal words
• first
• second
RECOUNT OF A
SEQUENCE
• signal words
• now
• before
• then
• finally
• During
• meanwhile
CAUSE - EFFECT
• presents reasons why a situation is
obtained
• effect is usually presented first in
academic writing to achieve a more
dramatic effect
CAUSE - EFFECT
• signal words for cause
• due to
• as a result of
• because of
• a cause of
CAUSE - EFFECT
• signal words
• so
• so that
• as a result
• consequently
• explanation for
• thus
• accordingly
PROBLEM - SOLUTION
• starts off with a negative situation
(problem) and ends with a positive
situation (solution)
• signal words
• the problem/dilemma is
• if/then
• so that
• solves
PROBLEM - SOLUTION
• signal words
• an answer to
• addresses the problem of
COMPARISON &
CONTRAST
• presents similarities and differences
• expressions that point similarity
• similarly
• in the manner
• in the same way
COMPARISON &
CONTRAST
• expressions that point differences
• on the other hand
• on the contrary
• the opposite
• compared to
• in contrast
• although
• unless
• however
COMPARISON &
CONTRAST
• take note also of comparative
• superlatives
• mark opposite (traditional vs. modern)
ENUMERATION
• a listing of parts
• of characteristics
• of examples
• often appears as a numbered list or a
bulleted text
ENUMERATION
• signal words
• to start with
• first
• second
• in addition
• next
• Then
• another
• finally
CLASSIFICATION
• presents groupings, types, classes,,
categories, and sub-categories that
constitute a concept, presented in
hierarchical order
• signal words
• there are several types/kinds of
• a part of
CLASSIFICATION
• signal words
• an example of
• groups/kinds/ways/types/classes of
• another kind of
• divided into
THESIS - EVIDENCE
• to serve the purpose of arguing a
point/position or interpretation
• may be arranged deductively (general
thesis followed by supporting details)
• inductively (details from which an
inference or thesis is drawn)
THESIS - EVIDENCE
• signal words (verbs)
• assert
• claim
• prove/show that
• support
• allege that
THESIS - EVIDENCE
• signal words (nouns)
• evidence
• proof
• argument