Digital Data Transmission

ECE 457
Spring 2005
 Analog vs. Digital
x(t)
 Analog signals
 Value varies continuously
t
 Digital signals x(t)
 Value limited to a finite set

t
 Binary signals x(t) 1 1 1
 Has at most 2 values
 Used to represent bit values 0 T 0 0 0
 Bit time T needed to send 1 bit
 Data rate R=1/T bits per second t
 Information Representation
• Communication systems convert information into a form suitable for
transmission
• Analog systemsAnalog signals are modulated (AM, FM radio)
• Digital system generate bits and transmit digital signals (Computers)
• Analog signals can be converted to digital signals.
 Digital Data System

Figure 7-1 Block diagram of a digital data system. (a) Transmitter.

(b) Receiver.

Principles of Communications, 5/E by Rodger Ziemer and William Tranter

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.
 Components of Digital Communication
• Sampling: If the message is analog, it’s converted to discrete time by
sampling.
(What should the sampling rate be ?)
• Quantization: Quantized in amplitude.
Discrete in time and amplitude
• Encoder:
– Convert message or signals in accordance with a set of rules
– Translate the discrete set of sample values to a signal.
• Decoder: Decodes received signals back into original message
 Different Codes
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
 Performance Metrics
• In analog communications we want, mˆ (t )  m(t )
• Digital communication systems:
– Data rate (R bps) (Limited) Channel Capacity
– Probability of error Pe
– Without noise, we don’t make bit errors
– Bit Error Rate (BER): Number of bit errors that occur for a given number of
bits transmitted.
• What’s BER if Pe=10-6 and 107 bits are transmitted?
 Advantages
• Stability of components: Analog hardware change due to
component aging, heat, etc.
• Flexibility:
– Perform encryption
– Compression
– Error correction/detection
• Reliable reproduction
 Applications
• Digital Audio Transmission • Digital Audio Recording
• Telephone channels • LP vs. CD
• Lowpass filter,sample,quantize • Improve fidelity (How?)
• 32kbps-64kbps (depending on • More durable and don’t
the encoder) deteriorate with time
 Baseband Data Transmission

Figure 7-2
System model and waveforms
for synchronous baseband
digital data transmission.
(a) Baseband digital data
communication system.
(b) Typical transmitted
sequence. (c) Received
sequence plus noise.

Principles of Communications, 5/E by Rodger Ziemer and William Tranter

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.
• Each T-second pulse is a bit.
• Receiver has to decide whether it’s a 1 or 0
( A or –A)
• Integrate-and-dump detector
• Possible different signaling schemes?
 Receiver Structure

Figure 7-3 Receiver structure and integrator output. (a) Integrate-and-

dump receiver. (b) Output from the integrator.

Principles of Communications, 5/E by Rodger Ziemer and William Tranter

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.
 Receiver Preformance
• The output of the integrator:
t 0 T

V  [s(t )  n(t )]dt

t0

 AT  N A is sent

 AT  N A is sent
t 0 T

• N   n(t )dt is a random variable.

t0

• N is Gaussian. Why?
 Analysis
t 0 T t 0 T

E[ N ]  E[ 
t0
n(t )dt ]   E[n(t )]dt  0
t0

Var[ N ]  E[ N 2 ]  E 2 [ N ]
 E[ N 2 ] Why ?
 t 0 T 
2

 
 E   n(t )dt  
   
 t0 
t 0 T t 0 T

   E[n(t )n( s)]dtds

t0 t0
t 0 T t 0 T
N0
  
t0 t0
2
 (t  s )dtds Why ?(White noise is uncorrelat ed !)

N 0T

2

• Key Point
– White noise is uncorrelated
 Error Analysis
• Therefore, the pdf of N is:
 n 2 /( N 0T )
e
f N ( n) 
N 0T

• In how many different ways, can an error occur?

 Error Analysis
• Two ways in which errors occur:
– A is transmitted, AT+N<0 (0 received,1 sent)
– -A is transmitted, -AT+N>0 (1 received,0 sent)

Figure 7-4 Illustration of error probabilities for binary signaling.

Principles of Communications, 5/E by Rodger Ziemer and William Tranter

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.
  AT
e  n 2 / N 0T 2 A2T 
• P( Error | A)   dn  Q 
N 0T  N0 
  

• Similarly,

e  n 2 / N 0T  2 A2T 
P( Error |  A)   dn  Q 
N 0T  N0 
AT  

• The average probability of error:

PE  P( E | A) P( A)  P( E |  A) P( A)
 2 A2T 
 Q 
 N0 
 
• Energy per bit:
t 0 T

Eb   
2 2
A dt A T
t0

• Therefore, the error can be written in terms of the energy.

• Define
A2T Eb
z 
N0 N0
• Recall: Rectangular pulse of duration T seconds has
magnitude spectrum
ATsinc (Tf )
• Effective Bandwidth: Bp  1/ T

• Therefore,
2
A
z
N B
0 p

• What’s the physical meaning of this quantity?

Probability of Error vs. SNR

Figure 7-5
PE for antipodal baseband
digital signaling.

Principles of Communications, 5/E by Rodger Ziemer and William Tranter

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.
 Error Approximation
• Use the approximation
u 2 / 2
e
Q(u )  , u  1
u 2
 2 A2T  e z
PE  Q  , z  1
 N0  2 z
 
 Example
• Digital data is transmitted through a baseband system with
7
, the received pulse amplitude A=20mV. N 0  10 W / Hz

a)If 1 kbps is the transmission rate, what is probability of

error?

1 1
Bp   3  103
T 10
A2 400 10 6 2
SNR  z   7  400  10 4
N 0 B p 10 10 3

e z
PE   2.58 10 3
2 z
b) If 10 kbps are transmitted, what must be the value of A to
attain the same probability of error?

A2 A2 3
z  7  4  A 2
 4  10  A  63.2mV
N 0 B p 10 10 4

• Conclusion:
Transmission power vs. Bit rate