MATERIAL BALANCES

CHBI 201 1
 CONSERVATION OF MASS
Mass is neither created nor destroyed
9
3 5
Reactor
10
11
1
Distillation 4
2
12 13

6 Heat 8
Seperator
Exchanger

14
7

{Input} + {Genn} - {Consumption} – {Output} = {Accumulation}

CHBI 201 2
 General Mass Balance Equation

{Input} + {Genn} - {Consumption} – {Output} = {Accumulation}

Notes:
1. generation and consumption terms refer only to generation of
products and consumption of reactants as a result of chemical
reaction. If there is no chemical reaction then these terms are
zero.
2. Apply to a system
3. Apply to total mass and component mass

CHBI 201 3
SYSTEMS
 Systems
 OPEN or CLOSED
 Any arbitrary portion of or a whole process that you want to
consider for analysis
 Reactor, the cell, mitochondria, human body, section of a pipe
 Closed System
 Material neither enters nor leaves the system
 Changes can take place inside the system
 Open System
 Material can enter through the boundaries

4
SYSTEMS

CHBI 201 5
 STEADY-STATE
 Steady-State
 Nothing is changing with time (T,P,Flowrate,Komposisi...)
 @ steady-state accumulation = 0

500 kg 100 kg/min H2O

100 kg/min H2O
H2O

Rate of addition = Rate of removal

 Unsteady-State (transient system)

 {Input} ≠ {Output}
 Input – Output = Accumulation
CHBI 201 6
 PROCESSES
 Batch Process
 Feed is fed at the beginning of the process
 Materials are held for a period of time as known as “residence time”
or “retention time”
 Initial quantity = Final quantity

Figure 2: The Final state of a batch

Figure 2: The initial state of a batch
mixing process
mixing process

CHBI 201 7
  Semibatch Process
 All quantity of one reactant is initially put in the reactor, and the
other reactants are continously fed

just like
make a cup of coffee

Semi-batch reactor (Stirred type reactor)

CHBI 201 8
 Continuous Process
 The input and outputs flow continuously throughout the duration of
proces

Input = Output

Steady state system

UnSteady state system Input - Output = Accumulation

CHBI 201
BALANCES ON BATCH PROCESSES
 Initial Input + Generation = Final Output + Consumption
 Objective: generate as many independent equations as the number of
unknowns in the problem

D F=B+D
F.xF = D.xD + B.xB
F
F.yF = D.yD + B.xB
(W+A)
x: mole fraction of W
B y: mole fraction of A

CHBI 201 10
 (Batch Process)
 Centrifuges are used to seperate particles in the range of 0.1 to 100 µm in diameter
from a liquid using centrifugal force. Yeast cells are recovered from a broth ( a mix with
cells) using tubular centrifuge. Determine the amount of the cell-free discharge per
hour if 1000 L/hr is fed to the centrifuge, the feed contains 500 mg cells/L, and the
product stream contains 50 wt% cells. Assume that the feed has a density of 1 g/cm3.

Feed (broth) 1000 L/hr Concantrated cells P(g/hr)

Centrifuge
500 mg cells/L feed 50 % by weight cells

( d= 1 g/cm3)
Cell-free discahrge D(g/hr)

CHBI 201 11
 EXAMPLE (Batch Process)
 Centrifuges are used to seperate particles in the range of 0.1 to 100 µm in diameter from a liquid
using centrifugal force. Yeast cells are recovered from a broth ( a mix with cells) using tubular
centrifuge. Determine the amount of the cell-free discharge per hour if 1000 L/hr is fed to the
centrifuge, the feed contains 500 mg cells/L, and the product stream contains 50 wt% cells. Assume
that the feed has a density of 1 g/cm3.

Feed (broth) 1000 L/hr Concantrated cells P(g/hr)

Centrifuge
500 mg cells/L feed 50 % by weight cells

(d= 1 g/cm3)
Cell-free discharge D(g/hr)
 Cell balance

500 mg cells 1g 0.5 g cells

1000 L feed . .  . P[g/hr]
1 L feed 1000 mg 1gP
P  1000 g/hr
 Fluid balance
L 1g 10cm 3 1dm3 6 g
Input: (10 – 500) g/h fluid
6 1000 ( )  10
h cm3 1dm L h
Output 1: 1000g/h . 0.5 = 500 g/h fluid
Output 2: D(g/h) = (106 – 500)g/h – 500 g/h = (106 -103)g/h fluid 12
Balances on Continuous Steady-state Processes
 Input + Generation = Output + Consumption
 If the balance is on a nonreactive species, the generation and consumption
will be 0. Thus, Input = Output

Input of 1000 kg/h of benzene+toluene containing 50% B by mass is separated by distillation

column into two fractions.
B: the mass flow rate of top stream=450 kg/h
T: the mass flow rate of bottom stream=475 kg/h

m1 kg Toluene/h
450 kg Benzene/h
1000 kg /h
Benzene + Toluene Distillation
%50 Benzene by mass
475 kg Toluene/h
CHBI 201 M2 kg Benzene/h 13
 Balances on Continuous Steady-state
Processes
 Solution of the example
Input = Output

. balance
 Benzene
1000 kg/h · 0.5 = 450 kg/h + m2
m2 = 50 kg/h Benzene

 Toluene balance
1000 .kg/h · 0.5 = 475 kg/h + m1
m1 = 25 kg/h Toluene

CHBI 201 14
 Brief Summary

CHBI 201 15
Langkah-langkah penyusunan dan penyelesaian NM dan NP :
1. Membuat diagram alir proses, lengkapi dengan data-data :
a. kualitatif dan kuantitatif yang tersedia.
b. Kondisi arus masuk dan keluar sistem.

2. Tandai variabel aliran yang tidak diketahui pada diagram alir. Buatlah permisalan variabel.

3. Menentukan basis perhitungan. Pilihlah suatu laju alir proses sebagai basis perhitungan. Basis perhitungan dapat diambil
berdasarkan banyaknya bahan yang masuk atau berdasarkan bahan keluar system. Basis perhitungan dapat dinyatakan dalam
satuan berat atau satuan mol. Jika terjadi proses kimia dalam sistem yang ditinjau, lebih mudah bila basis perhitungan
menggunakan satuan mol. Jika terjadi proses fisis, basis perhitungan dapat menggunakan satuan berat atau satuan mol.

4. Konversikan laju alir volumetrik menjadi laju alir massa atau molar. Jika terdapat proses kimia ( reaksi ), perhitungan
menggunakan satuan molar, sedangkan proses fisis dapat menggunakan satuan massa atau molar.

5. Susunlah persamaan NM / NP. Dalam menyusun neraca, perlu disebutkan apa yang dineracakan dan dimana neraca itu disusun.
Persamaan neraca dapat disusun untuk : sebuah unit saja, multi unit, atau unit keseluruhan ( overall ).

6. Selesaikan persamaan NM / NP .

CHBI 201 16
CHBI 201 17
CHBI 201 18
CHBI 201 19
 1. Read and understand the problem statement.

Draw a sketch of the process and specify the system boundary

3. Place labels (symbols, numbers, and units) on the diagram for

all of the known flows, materials, and compositions

Some specific examples are • Stream flow rates (e.g., = 100

kg/min) • Compositions of each stream (e.g., xH2O = 0.40) •
Given flow ratios (e.g., F/R = 0.7) • Given identities (e.g., F = P) •
Yields (e.g., Y kg/X kg = 0.63) • Efficiency (e.g., 40%) •
Specifications for a variable or a constraint (e.g., x < 1.00) •
Conversion (e.g., 78%) • Equilibrium relationships (e.g., y/x = 2.7)
• Molecular weights (e.g., MW = 129.8)

Some of the essential data may be missing from the problem

statement. If you do not know the value of a variable to put on the
figure, you can substitute a symbol such as F1 for an unknown flow
or ω1 for a mass fraction

CHBI 201 20
 Obtain any data you know are needed to solve the problem but are
missing

5. Choose a basis.

Determine the number of variables whose values are unknown (the

unknowns).

Determine the number of independent equations and carry out a

degree-of-freedom analysis

CHBI 201 21
 FLOW CHARTS
 Boxes and other symbols are used to represent process units.
 Write the values and units of all known streams
 Assign algebraic symbols to unknown stream variables

100 mol C3H8

Combustion 50 mol C3H8
Condenser
Chamber 750 mol O2
1000 mol O2 3760 mol N2
3760 mol N2 150 mol CO2

200 mol H2O

CHBI 201 22
EXAMPLE (Flow charts)
 Humidification and Oxygenation Process in the Body: An exp. on the growth
rate of certain organisms requires an environemnt of humid air enriched in oxygen.
Three input streams are fed into an evaporator to produce an output stream with
the desired composition. A: liquid water, fed at a rate of 20 cm3/min, B: Air, C:
Pure oxygen (with a molar flow rate one-fifth of the molar flow rate of stream B)

. .n mol/min
3
0.2 n mol O /min
1 2
0.015 mol H2O/mol
C
y mol O2/mol
(0.985 – y ) mol N2/mol
.n B A
1 mol air/min

0.21 mol O2/mol 20 cm3 H2O /min

0.79 mol N2/mol
.
n2 mol H2O/min

CHBI 201 23
 EXAMPLE (Flow chart)
n2 = 20 cm3 H2O/min . 1 g H2O/cm3 . 1 mol/18.02 g
n2 = 1.11 mol H2O/min
 H2O Balance
n2 mol H2O/min = n3 mol/min . 0.015 mol H2O/mol
n3 = 74.1 mol/min
 Total Mole Balance
0.2 n1 + n1 + n2 = n3
n1 = 60.8 mol/min
 N2 Balance
n1 mol/min . 0.79 mol N2/mol = n3 mol/min . (0.985-y) mol N2/mol
y = 0.337 mol O2/mol

CHBI 201 24
 FLOWCHART SCALING

n1
n3
A
n2

Scale factor: 100 100 n1

100 n3
A
100 n2

CHBI 201 25
DEGREE OF FREEDOM ANALYSIS (df)
 ndf = nunknowns – nindep.eqn’s

 If ndf = 0
 Problem can be solved (determined)
 If ndf > 0
 Unknowns > knowns (underspecified)
 If ndf < 0
 overspecified (no solution)

 Material balances,
 Energy balances,
 Process specificaitons,
 Physical props&laws,
 Physical constraints
CHBI 201 26
 EXAMPLE 1
 Example ρH20 is given
Humid air Condenser Dry air
(n4) O2 In the
(n0) O2 condenser,
(n5) N2
(n1) N2 (n6) H2O 95% of H2O in
(n2) H2O the inlet air is
condensed.
(n3) H2O
225 L/h

7 unknowns (n0 -> n6) 7 equations needed

 3 independent material balance
 n3 = ρ.V
 n0/n1 = 21/79
 n3 = 0.95 n2

 One more equation is needed

 Volume is not conserved!
CHBI 201  Use consistent units (mole, kg) 27
 Do not make mole balances in reactive processes.
EXAMPLE 2
 A continuous mixer mixes NaOH with H2O to produce an aqueous
solution of NaOH. Determine the composition and flow rate of
the product, if the flow rate of NaOH is 1000 kg/hr and the
ratio of the flow rate of H2O to the product solution is 0.9.

Nsp = number of species

System boundary
Ns = number of streams
Nu = total number of variables

H2O NaOH
M

Product
CHBI 201 28
EXAMPLE 2 - continue
Streams FEED WATER PRODUCT

Species
NaOH FNaOH WNaOH PNaOH Nu = 3(2+1) = 9
H2O FH2O WH2O PH2O
Total F W P Last row in the table

Specifications: ratio of two streams

the % conversion in a reaction
the value of each concentration, flow
rate, T, P, ρ, V, etc.
a variable is not present in a stream,
hence ,it is 0
CHBI 201 29
EXAMPLE 3
 A cylinder containing CH4, C2H6, and N2 has to be prepared containing a CH4 to C2H6
mole ratio of 1.5 to 1. Avaliable to prepare the mixture are
1) a cylinder containing a mixture of 80% N2 and 20% CH4
2) a cylinder containing a mixture of 90% N2 and 10% C2H6
3) a cylinder containing a mixture of pure N2
What is the number of degrees of freedom?

CHBI 201 30
 EXAMPLE 3 - continue

F4
F1
CH4 xCH4
CH4 0.2 F3
N2 xN2
N2 0.8 N2 1
C2H6 xC2H6

F2
C2H6 0.1
N2 0.9

Unknowns: 3 xi and 4 Fi

CHBI 201 31
 EXAMPLE 3 - continue

Equations:
 Material balance (CH4, C2H6, N2)
 One specified ratio xCH4/xC2H6 = 1.5
 One summation of mole fractions  x 1 for F
i 4
 5 independent equations

Ndf = 7 – 5 = 2

If you pick a basis as F4=1, one other value has to be

specified in order to solve the problem.
CHBI 201 32
CHBI 201 33
CHBI 201 34
 Balances on Multiple-unit Processes
40 kg/hr 30 kg/hr

0.9 kg A/kg 0.6 kg A/kg

0.1 kg B/kg 0.4 kg B/kg

Q1 Q2
1 3
x1 x2 Q3
100 kg/hr 2
x3
0.5 kg A/kg
0.5 kg B/kg
30 kg/hr 4

0.3 kg A/kg
0.7 kg B/kg
CHBI 201 35
Balances on Multiple-unit Processes
Q : mass flow rate
 You should treat any junction
xA : mass fraction of A
as a process unit!
1-xA : mass fraction of B
Number of unknowns = 6
Number of equations = 2+2+2 = 6
 Therefore, solution exists

100 = 40 + Q1 Q1 = 60 kg/hr
100.(0.5) = 40.(0.9) + 60.(x1) x1 = 0.233 1

30 + Q1 = Q2 Q2 = 90 kg/hr 2
x2 = 0.256

30 + Q3 = Q2 Q3 = 60 kg/hr
x3 = 0.083 3
CHBI 201 36
CHBI 201 37
 RECYCLE & BYPASS STREAM
 It is rare that a chemical reaction A  B proceeds to completion in a
reactor. Its efficiency is never 100. Some A in the product !
 To find a way to send the “A” back to feed you need a seperation and
recycle equipment, this would decrease the cost of purchasing more A.
 If a fraction of the feed to a process unit is diverted around the unit
and combined with the output stream, this process is called bypass.

Feed Product Feed Process

rxn Sep. Unit

Recycle Bypass stream

CHBI 201 38
 EXAMPLE (pg 110)

 Feed: Fresh air with 4 mole% H2O(v) is “cooled” and “dehumidified” to a water content
of 1.7 mole% H2O.
Fresh air is combined with a recycle stream of dehumidified air.
The blended stream entering unit contains 2.3 mole% H2O. In the air conditioner some
of the water is removed as liquid.
Take 100 mole of dehumidified air delivered to the room, calculate moles of feed,
water condensed, dehumidified air recycled.

CHBI 201 39
 EXAMPLE - continue

n5 (mol) 0.983 DA, 0.017 W

n1 (mol)
AIR
n4 (mol) 100 mol
0.04 W CONDITIONER 0.017 W 0.983 DA
0.96 DA
0.983 DA 0.017 W(v)

n3 mole W(ℓ)
n2 (mol)
0.977 DA
CHBI 201 40
0.023 W(v)
 EXAMPLE - continue
 Overall system: 2 variables (n1, n3)
2 balance equations (two species)
Degree of freedom = 0
 (n1, n3) are determined!!!

 Mixing point: 2 variables (n2, n5)

2 balance equations (two species)
Degree of freedom = 0
 Cooler: 2 variables (n2, n4)
2 balance equations (two species)
Degree of freedom = 0
 Splitting point: 2 variables (n4, n5) Donot use SP in the solution
1 balance equation
CHBI 201 Degree of freedom = 1 41
EXAMPLE - continue
Overall DA balance:
0.96 n1 = 0.983 (100)  n1 = 102.4 mol fresh feed
Overall mole balance:
n1 = n3 + 100  n3 = 2.4 mol H2O condensed
Mole balance on Mixing point:
n1 + n 5 = n2
Water blance on Mixing point:
0.04n1 + 0.017n5 = 0.023n2

n2 = 392.5 mol
n5 = 290 mol recycled

CHBI 201 42
CHBI 201 43
CHBI 201 44
CHEMICAL REACTION STOICHIOMETRY
 If there is a chemical reaction in a process
 More complications

 The stoichiometric ratios of the chemical reactions

 Constraints

 The stoichiometric equation 2SO2 + O2  2SO3

2 molecules of SO2 reacts with 1 molecule of O2 and yields 2 molecules of
SO3

 2, 1 and 2 are stoichiometric coefficients of a reaction

CHBI 201 45
LIMITING & EXCESS REACTANTS

 If the reactants are not in stoichiometric proportion

 one of them will be excess, the other will be limiting

[ (n ) - (n ) ]
Fractional excess of A  A feed A stoich
(n )
A stoich.

moles reacted
Fractional conversion of A 
moles fed

n -n
Extend of reaction ()  i i0
ν
i

CHBI 201 46
EXAMPLE (pg 120)
 C3H6 + NH3 + 3/2 O2  C3H3N + 3 H2O
Feed: 10 mol % of C3H6, 12 mole % NH3 and 78 mole % air
A fractional converison of limiting reactant = 30%
Taking 100 mol of feed as a basis, determine which reactant
is limiting, and molar amounts of all product gas constituents
for a 30% conversion of the limiting reactant.

100 mol nC3H6

0.1 mol C3H6/mol nNH3

REACTOR nO2
0.12 mol NH3/mol
0.78 mol air/mol nN2

0.21 mol O2/mol air nC3H3N

0.79 mol N2/mol air nH2O

CHBI 201 47
 EXAMPLE – continue
Feed: nC3H6= 10 mole nNH3=12 mole nO2= 78.(0.21) =16.4 mole
nNH3/nC3H6= 12/10 = 1.2  NH3 is excess (stoich. 1)
nO2/nC3H6= 16.4/10 = 1.64  O2 is excess (stoich. 1.5)
(nNH3)stoich.= 10 mole (nO2)stoich.= 15 mole

(% excess)NH3 = (12-10) /10 x 100 = 20% excess NH3 Moles reacted

Moles fed
(% excess)O2 = (16.4-15) /15 x 100 = 9.3% excess O2

(nC3H6)out=0.7 x (nC3H6)0= 7 mole C3H6 (since the fractional conversion of C3H6 is 30%)

Extent of reaction = ζ = 3 mole (since ni = ni0 + ni ξ => 7= 10 - 1. ξ)

nNH3 = 12- ζ =9 mole nO2=16.4 – 1.5.(ζ)= 11.9
nC3H3N= ζ = 3 mole nH2O=3.(ζ) = 9 mole
nN2= (nN2)0=61.6 mole

CHBI 201 48
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
 If you are given a set of reactive species and reaction conditions;
a) What will be the final (equilibrium) composition of the reaction
mixture?
b) How long will the system take to reach a specified state short
of equilibrium?
 Chemical equilibrium thermodynamics & Chemical Kinetics

 A reaction can be
 Reversible
 Irreversible

CHBI 201 49
EXAMPLE
CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Given @ T=1105 K, K=1
nCO= 1 mol, nH2O= 2mol, initially no CO2 and H2
Calculate the equilibrium composition and the fractional
converison of the limiting reactant.

Equilibrium constant;

yCO2 y H 2
K(T) =
yCO y H 2O
CHBI 201 50
EXAMPLE – continue
nCO = 1-ζe , nH2O = 2-ζe , nCO2 = ζe , nH2 = ζe

yCO = (1-ζe)/3 yH2O = (2-ζe)/3

yCO2 = ζe /3 yH2 = ζe /3

K(T) = (ζe)2 / (1-ζe) (2-ζe) = 1

ζe = 0.667 mole
yCO = 0.111 yH2O = 0.444
yCO2 = 0.222 yH2 = 0.222
Limiting reactant is CO. nCO = 1-0.667 = 0.333
Fractional conversion = (1-0.333) / 1 mol feed = 0.667

CHBI 201 51
CHBI 201 52
CHBI 201 53