Building Services III

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(ME760)
Department of Architecture (IV/II)
Institute of Engineering
Thapathali Campus

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Lecture II
Chapter I: Energy:
Energy Planning and

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auditing

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Energy Crisis
• “Peak Oil” period has reached.
• Limited production of energy from other production sources.

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• High Price Rise in the third world countries.
• No new huge resource of fuels has been discovered yet.

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Energy Management and its
Objective
• To achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and
utilization

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• To minimize energy costs/waste without affecting production
and quality
• To minimize environmental effects

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Introduction: Energy Audit
• The process of identifying systematic energy saving
opportunities is “Energy Auditing”.

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• A systematic and structured approach is required to identify
and realize the full potential of saving that can be achieved
mainly through low cost measure.
• The basis of such Programme has to be comprehensive and
professional energy audit, in order to assess the current
consumption pattern and identify potential opportunities to
conserve energy, given the existing framework and
infrastructure of the industry.
• The energy audit is sometimes called an energy survey or an
energy analysis, so that it is not confused with a financial 5
audit
Need for Energy Audit
• Three top operating expenses are energy, labor and materials.
• Energy would emerge as the top ranker for cost reduction.

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• Primary objective of energy audit is to reduce energy
consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating
costs.
• Energy audit provides a bench mark for managing energy in
organization.
• An energy audit consists of a detailed examination of how a
facility uses energy, what the facility pays for that energy,
and finally, a recommended program for changes in
operating practices or energy consuming equipment that will
cost effectively save dollars on energy bills. 6
Basic Components of Energy
Audit
• The audit process starts with the collection of information about a
facility’s operation and about its past record of utility bills.

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• The data is then analyzed to figure out how the facility uses and
possibly wastes energy, as well as to help the auditor to learn what
areas to examine to reduce energy cost.
• Specific changes – called Energy conservation Measures (ECM’s) –
are identified and evaluated to determine their benefits and their
cost effectiveness.
• These ECM’s are assessed in terms of their costs and benefits, and
an economic comparison is made to rank the various ECM’s.
• Finally, an Energy Action Plan is created where certain ECM’s are
selected for implementation, and the actual process of saving
energy and money begins.
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Goals of energy audit
• Clearly identify types and costs of energy use
• Understand how energy is being used – and possibly wasted

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• Identify and analyze more cost-effective ways of using energy
- improved operational techniques
- new equipment, new processes or new technology
• Perform an economic analysis on those alternatives and
determine which ones are cost-effective for your business or
industry.

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Types of Energy Audit
• The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:
- Function and type of industry

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- Depth to which final audit is needed, and
- Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired
Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types.
i) Preliminary Audit
ii) Detailed Audit

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Detailed Audit
• This energy audit also contains information such as code
compliance, maintenance schedule development, equipment

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inventories, etc.

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How do you know which type
of Audit to select?
• Depends on the funding available for the audit, the cost and
potential of the Energy Management Opportunity, and the

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required accuracy for the audit information.
• Depends on the type of facility, function of the facility, and
processes within a facility.

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Methodology
• Systematically Energy Auditing process follows certain
implementation steps.

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1. Data Collection
2. Observations, Measurements and Trials
3. Data Analysis and Findings
4. Implementing some of the majors and evaluations
5. Techno-economic evaluation of measures
6. Detailed report preparation and presentation

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Contd..
1. Data Collection
• Process flow, technology related

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• Specifications of all major energy consuming
equipment/process/section
• Energy consumption figures of equipment/process/unit
• Production and operating schedules
• Specific energy consumption

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Contd..
2. Observation, measurement and trials
• Observation of present operating practices and Process

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parameters
• Measurement of process parameters and Energy related
parameters
• Conducting tests and trials on equipment
• Review of maintenance practices

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Contd..
3. Data analysis and Findings
• Estimation of specific energy consumption of each

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equipment/section and comparison with optimum/design or
best achievable values
• Estimation of Energy and Mass balances with losses
• Estimation efficiency and performance
• Identifying the factors contributing to the deviation in specific
energy (losses)
• Analysis remedial measures to reduce energy consumption
• Change in the process/parameters
• Loss reduction
• Loss recovery/retrofit applications
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• Replacement
Contd..
4. Implementing some of the measures and evaluation
• Changing the operating parameters and maintenance

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practices
• Reconducting tests
• Other measures such as star delta conversion in motors,
reshuffling of equipment, impeller trimming, etc.

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Contd..
5. Techno-economic evaluation of measures
• Estimation of energy savings and other related savings

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• Estimation of cost savings
• Estimation of investment required
• Evaluation of payback period/rate of return, NPV, etc.

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Contd..
6. Detailed report preparation and presentation
• All the measurements, observations, analysis, findings and

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suggestions
• Total energy saving potential and total investment required for
all the immediate, short term, medium term and long term
measures
• Classification of measures based on investment (based on
budget allocation)
• The specific energy values present and proposed
• Identify areas which warrant further detailed study

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Major Energy Consuming areas in the
industries to be monitored are:
• Boilers- Steam generation, distribution and utilization

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• Refrigerant and Air-conditioning(A/C) Plants
• Compressed air system
• Electrical System
• Electrical motors
• Lighting systems
• Pumps

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