ENERGY RELATED

ASPECTS OF
DIFFERENT
TRANSPORT
TECHNOLOGIES
Yogesh K. Alwani
 • Institute of Transportation Engineers:

Definition – Traffic calming involves changes in street alignment,

installation of barriers, and other physical measures to
reduce traffic speeds and/or cut-through volumes, in the
interest of street safety, livability, and other public
purposes.
• Transportation Association of Canada
– Traffic calming involves altering of motorist behavior on a
street or on a street network. It also includes traffic
management, which involves changing traffic routes or
flows within a neighborhood.
• Montgomery County, Maryland
– Traffic calming consists of operational measures such as
enhanced police enforcement, speed displays, and a
community speed watch program, as well as such physical
measures as edge lines, chokers, chicanes, traffic circles,
and (for the past four years) speed humps and raised
crosswalks. 2
 Traffic • The traffic engineers refer to three "E's"

Calming when discussing traffic calming

measures:
Techniques 1. Engineering Measures
2. Education Measures
3. Enforcement Measures
• The traffic calming techniques includes
traffic calming on links, traffic calming
at junctions, gateways, traffic
management measures, and traffic
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calming on main roads
 Traffic • The principle techniques used are
categorized into the following four
calming on areas:-

links 1. Vertical deflections

2. Horizontal deflections
3. Road narrowing
4. Central islands

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 Traffic • The traffic calming at junctions is
carried at using vertical deflections,
Calming changes in alignment, reduction of
at junction area, islands, and special

Junctions
junction forms

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Gateways • Gateways at Junctions:
– The entrance to a traffic calmed area
requires special attention to make it clear
to drivers that the area they are entering
has speed restrictions and conditions very
different from the surrounding network.
1. Plateau or flat topped road humps.
2. Different surface materials.
3. Road narrowing.
4. Traffic island/ghost island.
5. 30kmph/20 kmph signs, if appropriate
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Gateways • Gateways on links:
– Similar techniques to those at
junctions are employed on links.
– One negative effect of this is that
route choice is not strongly
influenced, compared to sitting
the gateway at a junction.

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Effects of 1. Speed Reduction

Traffic 2. Noise Reduction

3. Accident Reduction
Calming 4. Reduction in Air Pollution

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 Road • Air Pollutants emitted by transport
services:
Transport – With a few exceptions, all the vehicles
Related Air emit air pollution from the combustion of

Pollution
liquid fuel.
– Carbon dioxide (CO2)
– Carbon monoxide (CO)
– Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
– Nitric oxide (NO)
– Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
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– Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Sources of • Introduction:
Air – Air pollution is one of the serious
environmental concerns of the
Pollution urban Asian cities including India
– It causes health related problems
such as respiratory disease, risk of
developing cancer and other serious
ailments etc.

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 Health Effects of Vehicular Pollution
Pollutants Effects on health
CO (carbon mono – Affects the cardio vascular system, nervous system impairing physical
oxide) coordination, vision and judgment, creating nausea and headaches, reducing
productivity and increasing discomfort.

NOx (nitrogen oxide) Causes susceptibility of infection pulmonary diseases, impairment of lung
function and eye, nose and throat irritations.

SO2 (sulphur dioxide) Affects lung function adversely.

SPM and RPM Fine particulate matter may be toxic itself or may carry toxic trace substance
(Suspended particulate and can alter the immune system. Fine particulates penetrate deep into the
matter) and respire able respiratory system irritating lung causing long term disorders.
particulate matter.
HC(Hydrocarbon) Potential to cause cancer.
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 Reason for 1. High vehicle density in urban cities.
2. Older vehicles predominant in vehicle vintage.
vehicular 3. Predominance of private vehicles especially cars

pollution in
and two wheelers.
4. Unsatisfactory public transport system causing

India higher idling emissions and traffic congestion.

5. Absence of adequate land use planning in
development of urban and rural areas thereby
causing more vehicle travel and fuel
consumption.
6. Improper traffic management system and road
conditions.
7. Inadequate inspection and maintenance
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facilities
 1. Pollution Control Technology:

Measure to – Three way catalyst (precise engine, fuel controls and

evaporative emission).

control Air 2.
– Two way catalyst
Cleaner Fuel Quality:
Pollution – Fuel used shall be as per BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)
3. Inspection and Maintenance:
– In Indian the existing I & M system is inadequate thus there is
great need to establish effective periodic I & M system.
4. Effective Public Transport System:
– Maintaining loyalty to public transport or attracting car and
motorcycle drivers to switch to public transport is not easy in
view of the status and convenience private vehicle usage
confer but high quality, fast and accessible public transport
service, whether by rail or bus, combined with other measures
such as road pricing and parking restrains have proven quite 13
successful in attracting car users specially when the road
system is congested
 a. Ban on commercial vehicles, which are more than 15 to 20 years old.
b. Replacement of all pre- 1990 autos and taxis with new vehicles, which use

Other clean fuels.

c. Removal of 10 year old buses from the road unless they use CNG or some

measures other clean flues.

d. Emission testing for all vehicles at regular intervals should be made
mandatory.
e. Improve Traffic management /traffic flow on roads, reducing emission per
vehicle kilometer traveled and enhancing mobility.
f. Special care should be taken while planning and providing facilities for
elderly, physically challenged, children and woman at the terminal to
make them more mobile.
g. Complete banning of the motor vehicles from certain areas and declaring
the same as pedestrian precincts has a salutary effect on the traffic
situation. It increases the safety of the pedestrians.
h. Availability of improved and efficient public transport facilities.
i. Adopt and popularize car-pooling.
j. Avoid congested road and rush hours to the extent possible. 14

k. Clean fuel filters, air filters and oil filters regularly.

l. Maintain recommended type pressure.
 Noise • Noise is perhaps one of the most undesirable
by products of modern mechanized lifestyle
Pollution • Sound waves cause eardrums to vibrate,
activating middle and inner organs and
sending bioelectrical signals to the brain.
• Simply defined, noise is undesirable and
unwanted sound.
• It is not a substance that can accumulate in
the environment, like most other pollutants,
but it can be diluted with distance from a
source.
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Sources of 1. Industrial Noise
Noise 2. Transport Noise
3. Neighborhood noise

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 Effect of 1. Auditory effects – Deafness (100 dB)

Noise
2. Tinnitus – high pitch roar or buzz.
3. Non Auditory effects – annoyance, ill
Pollution tempering, bickering.
4. Physiological disorders – Neurosis, anxiety,
hypertension, increased sweating,
giddiness, nausea, fatigue, visual
disturbance, reduces depth and quality of
sleep , peptic ulcers, Increases cholesterol
level resulting in constriction of blood vessel
, Low weight children to mothers
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 • At source level – Can be done by i) Designing
Control of and fabricating silencing devices in air craft

Noise
engines, automobiles industrial machines and
home appliances, ii) By segregating the noisy
Pollution machines.
• During Transmission – can be achieved by
adding insulation and sound-proofing to
doors, around industrial machinery. Zoning
urban areas to maintain a separation between
residential areas and zones of excessive noise.
• By creating vegetation cover – Plants absorb
and dissipate sound energy and thus act as
Buffer Zone. Trees should be planted along 18

highways, schools and other places

Vision 2020 • Efforts are being made globally to develop
technology strengths and firms are becoming
more and more competitive.
• The developing countries especially have
shown a marked rise in the pace of economic
growth.
• To become an economic power, technology
and economy need to be considered in an
integrated manner rather than as separate
entities.

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Vision 2020 • The Indian Industry will have to support the nation in
acquiring economic leadership and progress by 2020.
• TIFAC had taken up the challenge of delivering a
Technology Vision for India for 2020 to provide
directions for national initiatives in Science &
Technology and a strong basis for a policy framework
not only for investment but also for the development of
an integrated science and technology policy both at the
state(s) and national levels.
• Out of 17 task forces and panels, 10 were headed by
experts from Industry, 5 from R&D Institutes, and 2 from
the government. Each task force had a chairperson, a co
chairperson, and a coordinator along with other members
& experts apart from others who took part in this exercise.
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