Carbohydrate Elementer

I Wayan Gede Sutadarma

Carbohydrate
 Glucose is the most important carbohydrate
 Most dietary carbohydrate is absorbed into the
bloodstream as glucose
 Other sugars are converted into glucose in the liver
 Glucose is the major metabolic fuel
 Precursor for synthesis
 glycogen for storage
 ribose and deoxyribosein nucleic acids
 galactose in lactose of milk and in glycolipids
Carbohydrates Are Aldehyde or Ketone
Derivatives of Polyhydric Alcohols
 Monosaccharides
 cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates
 groups as aldoses or ketoses
 trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, or heptoses
 Disaccharides
 condensation products of 2 monosaccharide
(sucrose, lactose, galactose)
 Oligosaccharides
 condensation products of 2 to10
monosaccharides (maltotriose)
 Polysaccharides
 condensation products more than 10
monosaccharides (starches, dextrins)
Glucose is the Most Important
Monosaccharide
The structure of glucose can be represented in three
ways
 As a Straight-Chain
 As a Simple Ring (Haworth projection)

 As a Chair Form (6 ring and 1 oxygen)

Sugars Exhibit Various Forms of
Isomerism
Glucose (4 asymmetric carbon atoms) 16 isomers
 D and L isomerism
 Pyranose and furanose ring structures
 Alpha and beta anomers
 Epimers
 Aldose-ketose isomerism
Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose are
Important Disaccharides
Polysaccharides Serve Storage
and Structural Functions
 Starch
 a homopolymer of glucose forming an α-glucosidic chain,
called a glucosan or glucan
 amylose (15–20%) and amylopectin (80–85%)
 consists of branched chains composed of 24–30 glucose
residues united by 1 →4 linkages in the chains and by 1 →6
linkages at the branch points
 cereals, pota-toes, legumes, and other vegetables
Polysaccharides Serve Storage
and Structural Functions
Glycogen
 the storage polysaccharide in animals
 more highly branched structure than amylopectin
 with chains of 12–14 α-D-glucopyranose residues (in α[1
→4]-glucosidic linkage), with branching by means of α(1
→6)-glucosidic bonds
Polysaccharides Serve Storage
and Structural Functions
 Inulin
 polysaccharide of fructose (and hence a fructosan) found
in tubers and roots of dahlias, artichokes, and dandelions.
 Dextrins
 are intermediates in the hydrolysis of starch.
 Cellulose
 is the chief constituent of the framework of plants.
 Chitin
 is a structural polysaccharide in the exoskeleton of
crustaceans and insects and also in mushrooms.
Polysaccharides Serve Storage
and Structural Functions
 Glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides)
 are complex carbohydrates characterized by their
content of amino sugars and uronic acids.
 Proteoglycan
 When these chains are attached to a protein molecule.
Examples
 are hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin
Polysaccharides Serve Storage
and Structural Functions
Glycoproteins (mucoproteins)
 occur in many different situations in fluids and tissues
 containing branched or unbranched oligosaccharide
chains
THANK YOU