ProteIn

s
F l o r e s – D e r r a m a s –- C a m p o –- C a p I l I t a n –– E s t r e l
l a ( bsmt -1 D)
What are
Proteins?
• Organic compounds containing the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and usually
Phosphorus and Sulphur
• A macronutrient that is essential to building muscle mass
• Examples: Antibodies, Enzymes, and some types of hormones (Insulin)
 Amino Building blocks of proteins, and proteins are the building
blocks of muscle mass
Acids

The name “amino acid” is derived from the fact that they
contain both amino group and carboxyl-acid-group in
their basic structure
There are 20 different amino
acids which are combined in
any number and sequence to
make up all the types of
protein
Essential Amino Acids Nonessential Amino Acids
Arginine Alanine

Histidine Asparagine

Isoleucine Aspartate

Leucine Cysteine

Lysine Glutamate

Methionine Glutamine

Phenylalanine Glycine

Threonine Proline

Tryptophan Serine

Valine Tyrosine
 Structure of
Proteins
Primary Structure – describes the unique order in which amino acids
are linked together to form a protein

Secondary Structure - refers to the coiling or folding of a polypeptide

chain that gives the protein its 3-D shape (Two types : Alpha Helix & Beta
Pleated Sheet)

Tertiary Structure – comprehensive 3-D structure of the polypeptide

chain of a protein

Quaternary Structure – structure of a protein formed by interactions

between multiple polypeptide chains and may consist of more than one of
the same type of protein subunit
 Roles of proteins in the body
R o l es Examples FunctIons
Break down nutrients in food into small pieces that can be
Digestive Enzyme Hemoglobin, Ferritin
readily absorbed
Carry and bind atoms, small molecules, and substances
Transport Hemoglobin, Ferritin
within cells throughout the body
Structure Actin, tubulin, keratin Build different structures, like the cytoskeleton
Hormone Signalling Insulin, glucagon Coordinate the activity of different body systems
Protect the body from foreign pathogens such as viruses
Defense Antibodies (ImmunoglobulG (IgB))
and bacteria
Contraction Myosin Carry out muscle contraction
Provide food for the early development of the embryo or the
Storage Legume storage proteins, egg white (albumin)
seedling
Sources of
protein
 Diseases
(deficiency of protein)

Marasmus
- Disease caused by a severe deficiency of protein and
calories that affect infants and very young children, often
resulting in weight loss and dehydration

-People with marasmus appear bony with little muscle

tissue
 - Disease caused by a severe deficiency of protein in diets that
contain calories mostly from carbohydrates such as yams, rice
and bananas
Kwashiorkor - People with kwashiorkor appear puffy in the abdomen area from
retention of fluid

- Usually affects older children

 Deficiencies of
protein c & protein
s
- Inherited conditions that cause abnormal blood clotting

- Deficiency of protein C occurs in about 1 out of 300 people.

Deficiency of protein S affects 1 in 20,000 people

- People with these protein deficiencies need to be careful

about activities that increase risk of blood clots, such as
prolonged sitting, bed rest, and long-time travel in cars and
airplanes
 - A condition that involves protein
Cachexia deficiency, depletion of skeletal muscle
and an increased rate of protein
degradation

- Causes weight loss and mortality and is

associated with cancer, AIDS, chronic
kidney failure, heat disease, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and
rheumatoid arthritis
 High Cholesterol
osteoporosis
Too much protein : cancer
Progression of
kidney disease
 S o u r c e
s :
A List of Protein Deficiency Diseases. (n.d.). Retrieved: June 23, 2019, from https://www.livestrong.com/article/269901-a-list-of-protein-deficiency-diseases/

All about protein: What is it and how much do you need? (2018, April 04). Retrieved: June 23, 2019, from https://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-
protein

Department of Health & Human Services. (2014, September 30). Protein. Retrieved: June 23, 2019, from
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/protein?fbclid=IwAR2ifg6teUS5k_1w-pgjBMTaWGMGimERDIpoYvOuq7xd-vgsFnpLUOVDqy4

Diseases From High Protein Intake. (n.d.). Retrieved: June 23, 2019, from https://www.livestrong.com/article/423384-diseases-from-high-protein-intake/

Healthy Protein Food Sources - WebMD: Eggs, Milk, Cheese, Pork, and More. (n.d.). Retrieved: June 23, 2019, from https://www.webmd.com/fitness-
exercise/guide/good-protein-sources?fbclid=IwAR2Va-FMeB1wISnCsW5mQv7a5o3P5VxMeVVwG-nFId25UHH-KcuzuK-iYs4

Huizen, J. (n.d.). How do you know if you are eating too much protein? Retrieved: June 23, 2019, from
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322825.php

Introduction to proteins and amino acids. (n.d.). Retrieved: June 23, 2019, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-
and-amino-acids/a/introduction-to-proteins-and-amino-acids

Learning, L. (n.d.). Biology for Majors I. Retrieved: June 23, 2019, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-biology1/chapter/proteins/

Nordqvist, C. (2018, August 24). Protein: Sources, deficiency, and requirements. Retrieved: June 23, 2019, from
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196279.php

Protein Folding: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. (2014, January 09). Retrieved: June 23, 2019, from http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2010/issue65/

Szalay, J. (2015, December 10). What Is Protein? Retrieved: June 23, 2019, from https://www.livescience.com/53044-protein.html