Review

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 FALLACY

The following are the examples of fallacies;

1 • Appeal to Person

2 • Appeal to Force

3 • Appeal to Emotion
 Fallacy

The following are the examples of fallacies

4 • Appear to Popular

5 • Appeal to Tradition

6 • Begging the Question

 Fallacy

The following are the examples of fallacies;

7 • Cause and Effect

8 • Fallacy of Composition

9 • Fallacy of Division
Pre-Test
Determine if the statement is TRUE;

The sun is the centre of the Solar System

Asia is the Largest Continent in the World.

God Made the World in Seven Days.

Man has a Right to Life, liberty, and the

pursuit of Happiness.

China’s Continued presence in the Spratlys

is violation of International law.
Pre-Test
Determine if the statement is TRUE;

A person must always consider the interests of his

family before his own happiness.

Citizen has the right to take up arms and

overthrow an oppressive government.

The dog barks.

Capital Punishment is Right.

Rodrigo Duterte is the President of the

Republic of the Philippines
Discussion
 Truth
Truth is defined as follow:

Is rooted in the ancient Greek Philosophy’s

concept of as “Justified, True Belief”
A belief justified using one’s perception and
senses by appealing to authority or using
reasoning.
Justification
Justification is defined as follows:

An acceptance reason for doing orproving

something.

Good reason, Explanation, Verification

 CORRESPONDENCE THEORY

COHERENCE THEORY

Let us look at each in detail.

CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY

CONCESUS THEORY
DETERMINING THE TRUTH

PRAGMATIC THEORY
 DETERMINING THE TRUTH
CORRESPONDENCE THEORY

• States that something is true if it corresponds to reality or

the actual state of affairs.
• This theory assumes a direct relationship between an idea
and that statement can be taken as a “fact”.
 Example:
 A mammal is an animal which is a warm-blooded,
has hair, and feed its young with milk is
considered to be true “pigs can fly,” however, is
false since in reality pigs do not have the
capability to fly.
 DETERMINING THE TRUTH

• Proposes that something is true if it makes sense when

COHERENCE THEORY

placed in a certain situation or context.

• In this perspective, there is a possibility that there will be
varied “truths” from different perspective.
• An idea or statement is true because it makes sense in its
own context, and that it has a certain degree of
consistency which tenders it truthful.
 Example:
 Muslims have a belief that certain animals like
pigs are unclean. This fact prevent them from
eating pork and other types of food made from
unclean animals.
 DETERMINING THE TRUTH

•
CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY

CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY holds that knowledge is shaped

by social forces and influenced by culture and history.
• What is true, or what a person considers true, is shaped by
his society and culture.
• The constructivist perspective also believes that knowledge
is gained as part of social experience and requires
interaction and collaboration.
 Example:
 Philippine society, for instance, considers the
family as “the foundation of the nation” as stated
in the P1987 Constitution.
 DETERMINING THE TRUTH

• Views knowledge as based on agreement, and that

CONCESUS THEORY

something is true if almost everyone agrees that it is true.

• Certain beliefs, traditions, and practices are often the
product of consensus as the made be imposed by
influential groups or institutions such as governments or
religious organizations.
 Example:
 An example of consensus influencing knowledge is
the decision of the International Astronomical
Union (IAU) in 2006 to change the planet Pluto’s
classification into a “dwarf planet”
 DETERMINING THE TRUTH
PRAGMATIC THEORY

• Pragmatic Theory holds the view that something is true if

we can put it into practice or is useful in real life. It also
believes that ideas should be continually tested to confirm
their validity.
• a related theory, verificationism, considers that ideas must
be verified using the senses or experience.
• The scientific method, where experiments are designed to
test hypotheses or confirm conclusions, is an example of a
pragmatic approach in determining truth.
Conclusion
Developing Mastery

Make a
graphical
representation
of the Theories
of Truth
through a Smart
Art.
Post-Test
Determine if the statement is TRUE; with corresponding theory that you use to
answer.

The sun is the centre of the Solar System

Asia is the Largest Continent in the World.

God Made the World in Seven Days.

Man has a Right to Life, liberty, and the

pursuit of Happiness.

China’s Continued presence in the Spratlys

is violation of International law.
Post-Test
Determine if the statement is TRUE; with corresponding theory that you use to
answer.
A person must always consider the interests of his
family before his own happiness.

Citizen has the right to take up arms and

overthrow an oppressive government.

The dog barks.

Capital Punishment is Right.

Rodrigo Duterte is the President of the

Republic of the Philippines