GROUP MEMBERS:

ASMARYA ZULFIQAR 09
KAYAKHUR FATIMA 25
SUMBAL ISLAM 13 E

PRESENTED TO:
MAM NOREEN ARIF

BS 7TH MORNING
SUSTAINABILITY
TOWARDS
ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
 BACKGROUND

Roughly 10 years ago, corporations woke to the realization that

energy is expensive. Prior to that, energy was a tool, worth any
cost, to power economic growth. Using more fuel to power a
delivery truck to drive faster to save time was well worth
whatever fuel costs incurred.
The sustainability movement showed companies how they could
save money. In this case, a slower delivery vehicle saves enough
on fuel to offset what it loses in time. Sustainability practitioners
have a litany of similar low-hanging fruit that is currently saving
corporations millions of dollars each year, but that has had an
unfortunate side effect on our industry.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Energy efficiency means doing more with less: that is,

squeezing as much useful power out of as little energy as
possible, and not letting any go to waste.

SUSTAINABLITY
• Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their needs. The concept of sustainability is composed of three
pillars: economic, environmental and social - also known
informally as profits, planet and people.
► It involves delivering equal or greater levels of “energy services” with
less energy supply.
► Energy services include cooling, heating, lighting, driving motors,
operating equipment and appliances

• Through our ‘Green Deal’ we will encourage home energy efficiency

improvements paid for by savings from energy bills. We will also take
measures to improve energy efficiency in businesses and public sector
buildings”
• The aim of Green Deal is to stimulate the energy efficiency market .
The scheme is designed for householders (customers*) to be able to
receive a package of energy efficiency measures at no upfront cost,
with the cost of the measures being paid back over the long term (for
example, 25 years) through repayments made via electricity bills.
• The movement of wind and water, the heat and light of the sun, the
carbohydrates in plants, and the warmth in the Earth—all are energy
sources that can supply our needs in a sustainable way. A variety of
methods are used to convert these renewable resources into
electricity. Each comes with its own unique set of
technologies, benefits, and challengess.
 SOLAR ENERGY
Power from the sun—is a vast and inexhaustible resource that can supply a
significant portion of our electricity needs. A range of technologies is used to
convert the sun’s energy into electricity, including solar collectors and
photovoltaic panels.
• Solar electricity generation represents a clean alternative to electricity
from fossil fuels, with no air and water pollution, no global warming
pollution, no risks of electricity price spikes, and no threats to our public
health.
• The solar resource is enormous. Just 18 days of sunshine on Earth
contains the same amount of energy as is stored in all of the planet's
reserves of coal, oil, and natural gas.
• Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are based on a high-tech but remarkably
simple technology that converts sunlight directly to electricity.
• Solar power is a clean energy solution which produces no global warming
pollution.
• We can shift our nation away from dirty fossil fuels and toward cleaner,
renewable sources of power
 WIND TURBINES

Harness air currents and convert them to emissions-free power. Plentiful

and inexhaustible in the United States and around the world, wind power is
one of the fastest growing renewable technologies and has the potential to
provide a significant portion of our electricity needs.
• Harnessing the wind is one of the cleanest, most sustainable ways to
generate electricity. Wind power produces no toxic emissions and none of
the heat-trapping emissions that contribute to global warming. This, and
the fact that wind power is one of the most abundant and increasingly
cost-competitive energy resources, makes it a viable alternative to the
fossil fuels that harm our health and threaten the environment.
• Wind energy is the fastest growing source of electricity in the world. In
2012, nearly 45,000 megawatts (MW) of new capacity were installed
worldwide. This stands as a 10 percent increase in annual additions
compared with 2011
• The wind resource — how fast it blows, how often, and when — plays a
significant role in its power generation cost. The power output from a
wind turbine rises as a cube of wind speed. In other words, if wind speed
doubles, the power output increases eight times.
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• Heat from the earth can be used as an energy source in many
ways, from large and complex power stations to small and
relatively simple residential pumping systems. This heat
energy, known as geothermal energy, can be found almost
anywhere—as far away as remote deep wells in Indonesia and
as close as the dirt in our backyards.

• Many regions of the world are already tapping geothermal

energy as an affordable and sustainable solution to reducing
dependence on fossil fuels, and the global warming and public
health risks that result from their use. For example, as of 2013
more than 11,700 megawatts (MW) of large, utility-scale
geothermal capacity was in operation globally, with another
11,700 MW in planned capacity additions on the way
 THE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE

• Below Earth's crust, there is a layer of hot and molten rock, called
magma. Heat is continually produced in this layer, mostly from the
decay of naturally radioactive materials such as uranium and
potassium.

• Seismically active hotspots

are not the
only places where geothermal
energy can be found. There is a
steady supply of milder heat—
useful for direct heating
purposes—at depths of anywhere
from 10 to a few hundred feet
below the surface virtually in any
location on Earth
 HYDROELECTRIC POWER
• Using dams to exploit the movement of water for electricity,
known as hydroelectric power, is the largest source of
renewable power in the United States and worldwide.
• By taking advantage of gravity and the water cycle, we have
tapped into one of nature's engines to create a useful form of
energy.
• if it's done right, hydropower can be a sustainable and
nonpolluting source of electricity that can help decrease our
dependence on fossil fuels and reduce the threat of global
warming.
THE HYDROPOWER RESOURCE
On Earth, water is constantly moved around in various states, a
process known as the hydrologic cycle. Water evaporates from the
oceans, forming into clouds, falling out as rain and snow,
gathering into streams and rivers, and flowing back to the sea. All
this movement provides an enormous opportunity to harness
 HYDROKINETIC ENERGY
• The power of moving water is obvious to anyone who has
stood amidst breaking waves or struggled to swim against
a river’s current. New technologies enable us to harness
the might of rivers, tides, and waves for electricity.
• Hydrokinetic technologies produce renewable electricity
by harnessing the kinetic energy of a body of water, the
energy that results from its motion.
• Estimates suggest that the amount of energy that could
feasibly be captured from US waves, tides, and river
currents is enough to power over 67 million homes.
 THE HYDROKINETIC RESOURCE

• There are a number of types of water resources from which it

is possible to generate electricity from kinetic energy.
Capturing the energy contained in near and off-shore waves is
thought to have the greatest energy production potential
amongst these hydrokinetic options. The rise and fall of ocean
waves is driven by winds and influenced by oceanic geology.

• In addition to waves, researchers believe that ocean tides hold

promise as an energy resource.
 BIOMASS ENERGY
• Biomass (plant material and animal waste) is the oldest source of renewable
energy, used since our ancestors learned the secret of fire.
• Biomass is a renewable energy source not only because the energy in it comes
from the sun, but also because biomass can re-grow over a relatively short
period of time compared with the hundreds of millions of years that it took for
fossil fuels to form.
• Assessing the potential role of bio power as a climate solution requires a look
at its lifecycle carbon emissions—which vary according to the type of
feedstock, the manner in which it is developed and harvested, the scale at
which it is used and the technology used to convert biomass into electricity.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND IMPACTS

• Bio power has environmental risks that need to be mitigated. If not managed
and monitored carefully, biomass for energy can be harvested at unsustainable
rates, damage ecosystems, produce harmful air pollution, consume large
amounts of water, and produce net global warming emissions.
 NUCLEAR POWER
• It is “clean” from an emissions standpoint—nuclear
power plants produce no air pollution or global warming
emissions when they operate—but its long-term role in
combatting climate change depends on overcoming
economic and safety hurdles.
• Nuclear power provides low-carbon electricity,
• Nuclear power supplies approximately 20 percent of US
electricity and is the third largest electricity source in the
United States
 NUCLEAR POWER RISKS AND IMPACTS

• Nuclear power entails substantial safety and security risks, waste

disposal challenges, and water requirements. These risks also make
nuclear power vulnerable to public rejection (as seen in Japan and
Germany following the Fukushima disaster of 2011).
• Though cleaner than coal, natural gas still generates unacceptably large
amounts of carbon pollution, especially when the leakage of natural gas
from pipelines and other infrastructure is considered.
• Nuclear power produces very few lifecycle carbon emissions. It also faces
substantial economic challenges, and carries significant human health
and environmental risks.
 BENEFITS AND IMPACTS OF RENEWABLE
. ENERGY
• LESS GLOBAL WARMING:
Most renewable energy sources produce little to no global warming
emissions.
Even when including “life cycle” emissions of clean energy
the global warming emissions associated with renewable energy are
minimal. Increasing the supply of renewable energy would allow us to
replace carbon-intensive energy sources and significantly reduce
global warming emissions
• IMPROVED PUBLIC HEALTH:
Wind, solar, and hydroelectric systems generate electricity with no
associated air pollution emissions. wind and solar energy require
essentially no water to operate and thus do not pollute water resources
or strain supplies by competing with agriculture, drinking water, or other
important water needs.
• INEXHAUSTIBLE ENERGY:
Strong winds, sunny skies, abundant plant matter, heat from the earth, and fast-
moving water can each provide a vast and constantly replenished supply of
energy. studies have repeatedly shown that renewable energy can provide a
significant share of future electricity needs, even after accounting for potential
constraints.

• JOBS AND OTHER ECONOMIC BENEFITS:

Compared with fossil fuel technologies, which are typically mechanized and
capital intensive, the renewable energy industry is more labor intensive. Solar
panels need humans to install them; wind farms need technicians for maintenance.
on average, more jobs are created for each unit of electricity generated from
renewable sources than from fossil fuels.
• STABLE ENERGY PRICES:
Although renewable facilities require upfront investments to build, they can then
operate at very low cost . As a result, renewable energy prices can be very stable
over time. the costs of renewable energy technologies have declined steadily, and
are projected to drop even more.

• RELIABILITY AND RESILIENCE:

Wind and solar are less prone to large-scale failure because they are distributed and
modular. Distributed systems are spread out over a large geographical area, so a
severe weather event in one location will not cut off power to an entire
region. Modular systems are composed of numerous individual wind turbines or
solar arrays. Even if some of the equipment in the system is damaged, the rest can
typically continue to operate.