AMITY UNIVERSITY

RAJASTHAN

3D TECHNOLOGY
BY SOMENDRA MEENA
 Contents
 Introduction to 3D

 Working of 3D Technology

 Production of 3D Films

 2D to 3D Conversion

 3D Techniques

 Advantages

 Disadvantages

 Technologies in Modern Era

Introduction
 3D means three-dimensional, i.e. something that has width, height
and depth

 As we look around, the retina in each eye forms a two-dimensional

image of our surroundings and our brain processes these two images
into a 3D visual experience

 In order to represent the 3D world on a flat (2D) surface such as a

display screen, it's desirable to simulate as many of these perception
tools as possible such as Stereoscopic vision, Accommodation,
Parallax, Size familiarity, Aerial perspective
 Depth Perception Tools

Accommodation
Size familiarity
As you focus on a
If you know the
close or distant
approximate size of
object, the lenses Stereoscopic an object, you can
in your eyes Parallax
vision tell approximately
physically change As your head
Two eyes provide how far away it is
shape, providing a moves from side to
slightly separate based on how big it
clue as to how far side, closer objects
images; closer looks
away the object is appear to move
objects appear
more than distant
more separated Aerial ones
than distant ones perspective
Because light is
scattered randomly
by air, distant
objects appear to
have less contrast
than nearby objects
How 3D Technology
Works ?
Concept of 3D
HOW
Human Eye
3D
Human
3D places TECHNOLOGY
beings
two minutely
have two different
eyes whichimages
are about
over each
3 inches
other
apart
or in
from each other.
alternating succession.
This distance
The human
between
beingthe
should
two eyes
thenproduce
be wearing
atwo
setslightly
of 3D glasses
transmit
brain. Theit to
WORKS
different
that
the will
brain
images
correct
will help
theneye.
which ?
in dissecting
are transmitted
this image
to theand
make a space in where distance and
depth can be perceived.
 Producing 3D Films

The standard for shooting live-action films in 3D

involves using two cameras mounted so that their
lenses are about as far apart from each other as the
average pair of human eyes, recording two separate
images for both the left eye and the right eye.

Now these 2D films are being converted into 3D

form to give a better immersive effect while viewing
stereo video in comparison to 2D video.
2D to 3D Conversion
 2D to 3D video conversion is the process of transforming 2D ("flat") film to 3D form

 It adds the binocular disparity depth cue to digital images perceived by the brain.

 With the increase of films released in 3D, 2D to 3D conversion has become more
common.

 The majority of non-CGI stereo 3D blockbusters are converted fully or at least

partially from 2D footage.
 Displaying 3D films

 Anaglyph

 Polarization systems

 Eclipse Method

 Interference filter technology

 Autostereoscopy
 Anaglyph
 Earliest method introduced in 1915

 Superimposing two images, one left eye

oriented (RED) another right eye (CYAN)

 Used in non-theatrical 3D media such as

comic books and 3D television broadcasts
 Anaglyph
Advantages :

 A singe digital projector can show anaglyphs on a screen for a large audience
 No special visual techniques are required such a cross eye viewing
 This avoids the hassle and expense of two separate projectors as used for polarized viewing

Disadvantages :

 Ghosting
 Retinal rivalry
 Wrong colours
 Polarized 3D system
A polarized 3D system uses polarization glasses to
create the illusion of three-dimensional images by
restricting the light that reaches each eye.

 Two images are projected superimposed onto

the same screen through different polarizing
filters.

 The viewer wears low-cost eyeglasses which

contain a pair of different polarizing filters.

 The first 3D film Bwana Devil in 1952 was

produced by this technology.
 Polarized 3D system
Circular and Linear Polarizers

There are two types of polarizing filters available : linear or circular. Linear polarizers are more
effective and less expensive than circular ones. But Circular polarization are preferred over linear,
since viewer need not to align himself/herself according to the image orientation.
 Polarized 3D system
Working of a Polarized 3D System
 Polarized 3D system
Advantages :

 Generally inexpensive
 Do not require power
 Do not suffer from flicker
 Lightweight

Disadvantages :

 The images for polarized glasses have to share the screen simultaneously, and therefore cannot
have full resolution delivered to each eye simultaneously
 Associated with the headaches many people attribute to 3D viewing
 Eclipse Method

An active shutter 3D system or eclipse method is a

technique of displaying stereoscopic 3D images in
which a shutter blocks light from each appropriate
eye when the converse eye's image is projected on
the screen.

The projector alternates between left and right

images, and opens and closes the shutters in the
glasses or viewer in synchronization with the
images on the screen.
 Eclipse Method
Advantages:
 Unlike red/cyan colour filter (anaglyph) 3D glasses, LC shutter glasses are colour neutral, enabling
3D viewing in the full colour spectrum
 Unlike in a Polarized 3D system, where the screen resolution is halved when the images are
combined, the active shutter system retains full resolution by combining the images over time

Disadvantages:
 Flicker can be noticed except at very high refresh rates
 When used with LCD displays, extreme localized differences between the image to be displayed in
one eye and the other may lead to crosstalk, due to LCD panels' pixels sometimes being unable to
fully switch
 More expensive
 Interference filter technology

This technique uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different
wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. Eyeglasses which filter out the very specific
wavelengths allow the wearer to see a full colour 3D image.
 Interference filter technology

Advantages:

 Passive glasses
 No silver screen

Disadvantages:

 Light loss
 Specialized equipment
 Expensive glasses
 Autostereoscopy
 The method of creating autostereoscopic 3D using lenses was mainly developed in 1985 by
Reinhard Boerner at the Heinrich Hertz Institute (HHI) in Berlin

 Autostereoscopy is a method of displaying stereoscopic images (adding binocular perception of

3D depth) without the use of special headgear or glasses on the part of the viewer

 Because headgear is not required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D" or "glassesless 3D“

 It can be done by two techniques - Lenticular lens and Parallax barrier

 Autostereoscopy
Lenticular lens and Parallax barrier

A lenticular lens is an array of magnifying lenses, designed so

that when viewed from slightly different angles, different
images are magnified.

A parallax barrier is a device placed in front of an image source,

such as a LCD, to allow it to show a stereoscopic image without
the need for the viewer to wear 3D glasses. It allows each eye to
see a different set of pixels, so creating a sense of depth through
parallax.
 Autostereoscopy

Advantages:

 Convenient and comfortable

 Hassle free

Disadvantages:

 Effective horizontal pixel count viewable for each eye is reduced by one half
 Viewer must be positioned in a well-defined spot to experience the 3D effect
 More expensive
Advantages of 3D Technology
 3D films cannot be pirated so therefore a big gain for the movie industry

 Some films if shown in 3D will make a even greater profit such as Street
Dance 3D and Avatar

 Improved accuracy and reduced errors (such as endoscopy, industrial

inspection, biomedical analysis, engineering and architectural design and
many others)

 More immediacy in computer games and home entertainment.

Disadvantages of 3D
Technology
 Watching 3D content will always result in loss of brightness in some form
or another regardless of what 3D technology you are using

 The glasses are uncomfortable for people who don't normally wear glasses
and becomes a point of focus and annoyance

 For standard Cable TV broadcasts, it is not possible to achieve 1080i High

Definition for 3D content using the existing cable TV standards. Instead,
3D content is broadcast in a lower resolution format

 It causes Nausea and headaches

Technologies in Modern Era
 3D Architectural Visualization

 Cheoptics360 (Realistic holograms)

 Autostereoscopic LCD screens

 Gaming devices: Nintendo 3DS

 References
1) Wikipedia @ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film
2) Section B - by Tom woolston @ http://
tomsectionb.blogspot.in/2011/04/3d-advantages-and-disadvantages.html
3) Outstanding – 3D @ http://
www.outstanding-3d.com/3d-principles/autostereoscopy
4) MediaCollege.com @ http://www.mediacollege.com/3d/intro.html
THANK YOU
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