Desain Geometrik

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Gambar: Steve Muench

 General
1. Konsep-konsep (Sight Distances,
Cross Sections)
2. Alinyemen Vertikal
a. Teori Dasar / Fundamental
b. Kurva Vertikal Cekung
c. Kurva Vertikal Cumbung
d. Contoh-contoh
3. Alinyemen Horisontal
a. Teori Dasar / Fundamental
b. Macam-macam Kurva
c. Superelevasi
4. Informasi lain (Tabel Pendukung, dll.)
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 STRUCTURE

– Surface course

– Base course

– Subbase course

– Subgrade
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 Typical AC Pavement Cross Section

Axle Load Spectrum

3-inch; AC-20

8-inch; Eopt = 20,000psi

Eopt = 14,000 psi

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 Konsep Stationing
Horizontal Alignment

Vertical Alignment

g%
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g%
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From Perteet Engineering

 Cross Section:
• Cross Section Elements
• Slope, Shoulder (bahu jalan), Median
• Lane width (lebar Lajur)
• Parking
• Parking lane
• Diversity of freeway cross-sections
Pertimbangan Lebar Lajur :
• Lintasan kendaraan (weaving) saat melaju di lajur,
• Lebar lajur = lebar lintasan (tidak mungkin ),
• Lebar lajur < lebar maksimum kendaraan,
• Kebebasan samping antar kendaraan ,
• Semakin tinggi V (km/jam) semakin lebar lajur jalan.

V rendah , lebar lajur minimum > 2.75 m

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V tinggi , lebar lajur minimum > 3.25 m ~ 3.50 m

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 Road Composition

Vehicle

Wearing Course

Road Crust
Base
Base
(Perkerasan)

Sub Base

300mm Sub Grade

450
Embankment
Ground Level Subgrade
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CEE 320
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 Cross Section Elements
- Traveled way (Jalur Lalu Lintas): the portion of the roadway
provided for the movement of vehicles (berupa perkerasan jalan),
exclusive of shoulders
- Roadway (Badan Jalan): the portion of a highway including
shoulders for vehicular use
- Median: the physical or painted separation provided on divided
highways between two adjacent roadways.
- Bicycle and pedestrian facilities
- Utility and landscape areas
- Drainage channels and side slopes
- Clear zone width: the distance from the edge of the traveled way
to either a fixed obstacle or non-traversable slope,
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 • Potongan Melintang Jalan Perdesaan/Antar Kota
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Source: Flexibility in highway design, FHWA

 The element includes:
- right-of way
- Roadside
- Traveled Way A and B
- Right and Left Shoulders for both traveled ways
- Median
- Traffic Lanes
- Fence
- Side Slope (fill)
- Side Slope (cut)
- Curbed Section
- Swale (Drainage Channel)
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Winter 2006
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• Potongan Melintang Jalan Perkotaan
 The element includes:
- right-of way
- Border
- Roadway
- Sidewalk, residential
- Traffic lanes
- Traveled way
- Sidewalk, commercial
- Median
- Parking lane
- Left-turn lane
- Curb offset
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Source: Green Book

 • FUNGSI MEDIAN
adalah:
- Penyediaan ruang netral yang cukup, sehingga pengemudi
dapat mengontrol kendaraannya pada saat darurat,
- Penyediaan jarak yang cukup untuk meredusir silau lampu
jauh/besar kendaraan yang berlawanan arah,
- Penambahan rasa keleluasaan, kenyamanan, dan
keindahan (penanaman tanaman hias) bagi pengemudi,
- Pengamanan kebebasan samping dari masing-masing arah
arus lalu lintas kendaraan,
- Tempat pemberhentian dan perlindungan bagi kendaraan
yang akan memotong arus Lalu Lintas, maupun pejalan
kaki yang akan menyeberang,
- Penyediaan tempat untuk lajur persiapan belok kanan
dan/atau berputar balik (U-turn) sehingga tidak
mengganggu kendaraan yang berjalan lurus serta arus Lalu
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Lintas aman.
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 Median:
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Source: Green Book

 Cross Section Element - Median

• Functions:
• separate
opposing traffic
• Drainage
• Aesthetics
• For future lanes,
recovery, access
control
• Minimize
headlight glare
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Flexibility in Highway Design - Chapter 6

CEE 320
 Cross Section Element -
Median

• Type
• Depressed (rural
arterials, 6:1
preferred? 4:1 min)
• Raised (urban
arterials)
• Flush (urban/sub.
some rural) – can be
painted with double
yellows to limit
access or a TWLTL.
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Flexibility in Highway Design - Chapter 6

CEE 320
 Cross Section Element -
Median

• Width – f(function, safety, need for

independent design)
• 3:1 or greater slopes require barrier …
drainage advantage … safety
disadvantage
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Flexibility in Highway Design - Chapter 6

CEE 320
 Iowa DOT Urban Design Aids
http://www.dot.state.ia.us/local_systems
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 Typical
cross-section
Normal crown
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Source: Green Book

 Typical cross-section
- superelevation
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Source: Green Book

 Medians:
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Source: Green Book

 Parking:
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Source: Green Book

 Parking lane:
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Source: Green Book

 Frontage road
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Source: Green Book

 Frontage road
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Source: Green Book

 Cross-section with retaining wall
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Source: Green Book

 Depressed freeway
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Source: Green Book

 Elevated freeway
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Source: Green Book

 Elevated freeway-with ramp
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Source: Green Book

 Elevated freeway on embankment
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Source: Green Book

 Joint freeway-transit right-of-way
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Source: Green Book

 Toward multimodal design: considerations in cross-section design
- Volume and composition (percent trucks, buses, and Rvs) of the vehicular
traffic expected to use the facility
- The likelihood that bicyclists and pedestrians will use the route
- Climatic conditions
- The presence of natural or human-made obstructions adjacent to the
roadway
- Type and intensity of development along the section of the highway
facility that is being designed
- Safety of the users

The most appropriate design for a highway improvement is the one that
balances the mobility needs of the people using the facility (motorists,
pedestrians, bicyclists) with the physical constraints of the corridor
with which the facility is located.
ASSHTO Guidelines for pedestrian and bicycle:
(1) Guide for planning, Designing, and Operating Pedestrian
Facilities
(2) Guide for developing Bicycle Facilities

Problem: Green Book/State Design Manuals do NOT always comply

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with Guide 1 & 2

 Slope:
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Source: Green Book

 Cross Slope (Kemiringan
Melintang)
• Urban – parabolic shape (gutter capacity)
• Rate of Cross Slope = f(drainage, steering, and
rollover or cross slope break)
• Drivers cross the crown line during passing
maneuvers
• Difficult to negotiate steep slopes
• AASHTO Recommends
• High 1.5 to 2% (0.015 ft/ft m/m)
• Intermediate 1.5 to 3%
• Low 2 to 6%
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Source: A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (The Green

Book). Washington, DC. American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials, 2001 4th Ed.
Winter 2006
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Source: A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (The Green

Book). Washington, DC. American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials, 2001 4th Ed.
 Shoulders

• Functions:
• Lateral Support
• Avoidance Space
• Emergency Stop
• Ped/Bike Use
• Turning/Passing at Intersections
• Mail Delivery, Buses, etc.
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Flexibility in Highway Design - Chapter 6

 Shoulders

• Should be flush with roadway surface

• Sloped to drain away from traveled way
• Should be stable enough to support
vehicles in all kinds of weather w/out
rutting
• Should be visibly different from traveled
way
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 shoulder:
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Source: Green Book

 Shoulders
• Geometry
– Paved/Unpaved (earth, turf, gravel)
– Graded and usable width Depends
on foreslope and rounding
– Consider function, safety, and
capacity impacts
– Rate – 2 to 6% (paved), 4 to 6%
(gravel), and 8% (turf) [want 2% >
R/W slope; max crossover 8%]
– Width 0.6 – 3.6 m (2 – 12 ft)
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 Source: A Policy on Geometric
Design of Highways and Streets
(The Green Book). Washington, DC.
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American Association of State

CEE 320

Highway and Transportation

Officials, 2001 4th Ed.
 4 Foot Paved Shoulder
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US 63
 Milled Shoulder Rumble
Strips
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 Referensi Luar Negeri
Iowa DOT Urban 3R* Guidelines
http://www.dot.state.ia.us/local_systems
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*Resurfacing, Restoration, Rehabilitation

CEE 320
Winter 2006