STATIC RELAYS

Prepared by
S.N.V.S.K.Chaitanya
Assistant Professor
EEE Department
V R Siddhartha Engineering College
Vijayawada

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 Static Relay

 The static relay is the combination of both the static and the
electromagnetic relay.
 In this relay, there is no armature and moving contacts and
response is developed by the components without
mechanical motion.
 The solid state components used are transistors, diodes,
resistors, capacitor and so on.
 In the static relay, the measurement is performed by
electronic, magnetic, optical or another component without
mechanical motion.

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 Advantages of Static Relay
 The power consumption of the static relay is much lower and
thereby decrease the burden on the instrument transformer and
increased its accuracy.
 The static relay has the quick response, long life, shock proof, high
reliability and a high degree of accuracy.
 Quick reset action, a high reset value and the absence of overshoot
can be easily achieved because of the absence of thermal storage.
 Ease of providing amplification enables greater sensitivity to be
obtained.
 The risk of unwanted tripping is less with static relays.
 There is no effect of gravity on operation of static relays and
therefore they can be installed in aircrafts ect.
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Contd..
 Advantages of Static Relay
 Static relays are quite suitable for earthquakes prone areas,
ships, vehicles, airplanes, etc., This is because of high resistance
to shock variation.
 A static protection control and monitoring system can perform
several functions such as protection, monitoring, data
acquisition measurement, memory, indication, etc.,
 Static relays are very compact. A single static relay can perform
several functions.
 The characteristics of static relays are accurate and superior.
 Static relays can be designed for repeated operations.

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 Limitations of Static Relay
 Static relays are temperate sensitive. their characteristics may vary
with the variation of temperature.
 Some components are sensitive to electrostatic discharges. Even
small charges can damage the components, and therefore
precautions are necessary for the manufacturing of static relays to
avoid components failures due to electrostatic discharges.
 Static relays are sensitive to voltage spikes or voltage transients.
Special measures are taken to avoid such problems.
 The reliability of the system depends on a large number of small
components and their electrical components.

Contd…

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 Limitations of Static Relay
 The static relay has low short-time overload capacity as
compared to electromagnetic relays.
 Static relays are costlier, for simple and single function than
their equivalent electromechanical counterparts. But for
multi-functional protection, static relay proves economical.
 Highly trained personnel are required for their servicing.
 Static relays are not very robust in construction and easily
affected by surrounding interference.

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 Basic block diagram of static relay

 The relaying quantity, i.e., the output of a CT or PT of a

transducer is rectified by the rectifier.
 The rectified output is given to a measuring unit constitute of
comparators, level detectors, and logic circuits.
 The output is actuated when the dynamic input, i.e. the relaying
quantity attains the threshold value.
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  The output of the measuring unit is fed to the output unit devices
after it is amplified by the amplifiers.
 The output unit activates the trip coil only when the relay
operates.
 The relaying quantity such as the voltage and current is rectified
and measured. When the quantity under measurement attains
certain well-defined value, the output device is energized and
hence, the circuit breaker trip is triggered.
 The static relay can be arranged to respond to electrical inputs.
The other types of input such as heat, light, magnetic field,
traveling waves, etc., can be suitably converted into equivalent
analog and digital signal and then supplied to the static relay

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Static instantaneous overcurrent relay

Block diagram

Static instantaneous overcurrent relay – Basic Circuit

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 Static instantaneous overcurrent relay

 The auxiliary transformer is fed from CT, the output proportional to

the fault current.
 R1C1 is a filter, protecting the bridge circuit from transient over
voltages.
 R2C2 is a filter, smooth out the output from the bridge circuit.
 Th is thermistor is give temperature compensation to transistor T1.
 P is potentiometer for selecting different pick up values.
 D is the diode to protect the out put transistor T2 from high reverse
induced voltage.
 Initially T1 T2 are not conducting.

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  Whenever a short circuit, a voltage proportional to short circuit
current develops across R2C2.
 Base voltage of T1 exceeds the pick up value, T1 conducts in turn
which in turn conducts T2 the out put transistor.
 Thus, the trip coil of the breaker is energized.
 pick up values adjusted by tap position, potentiometer P.

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 Static instantaneous overcurrent relay (Modified)

a) Block diagram of Improved Version

b) Detailed circuit
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 Static instantaneous overcurrent relay (Modified)

 The Zener diode ZD1 acts as limiter of the rectified voltage

to safe value
 Even though the fault current is very high.
 A fixed portion of the rectified voltage through a potential
divider is compared
 against the breakdown voltage of another zener diode ZD2.
 When the rectified voltage is greater than the reference
voltage,T2 conducts through
 T1 –R2 and the trip relay energized.

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 Static definite time overcurrent realy

Block diagram

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 Static definite time overcurrent realy
 The function of the fault current is only to initiate the charging of a
capacitor and thereafter the circuit acts by itself till the breaker is tripped.
 P1 is the potentiometer to adjust the pickup value.
 P2 to adjust the operating time.
 Under normal condition T1 is conducting due to the applied from the
supply voltageVc through R3. C is short circuited.
 Fault current exceeds the pickup value set by the potentiometer P1.T1
reverse biased,T1 is switched off.
 The capacitor C starts charging from the supply voltage Vc through resistor
R4. (WhereVc const)
 The capacitor C is charged though R4 to a certain voltage exceeds the
emitter setting of T2 by P2.
 T2 starts conducting which forces T3 also to conduct, the trip relay
energized and the breaker operates.

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When healthy condition T1 start conducting, C short circuited and relay is reset.
 Static inverse time current realy

Block diagram

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 Static inverse time current realy
 Under normal condition T1 is conducting due to the bias applied
from the supply voltage Vc through R4 and P2. C is short circuited.
 Whenever fault current exceeds the pick up value se by p2 and
transactor tap setting,T1 is off.
 The capacitor C start charging from the input current trough the
resistor r3 and p1 by the voltage developed across the R1.
 The charging takes place through a source (fault cuuent). So
capacitor gets charged in different time.
 When the voltage across the capacitor exceeds the value set by the
p3, T2 conduct which forces T3 also to conduct, the trip relay
energized and the breaker operates.
 T.S.M –p1p3,
 P.S.M – transactor tap setting, P2.
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Directional relay

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 Directional Overcurrent Relays

 The inputs V and I are applied to phase comparator.

 A phase shifter is added in voltage input circuit before applying it
to the phase comparator to achieve the maximum output of the phase
comparator under fault conditions.
 The output of the phase comparator is given to the level detector and
then to the output device through an amplifier.
 If the output of the phase comparator exceeds the preset reference
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voltage of the level detector, the output device issues the trip signal.
 Differential protection

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 Poly phase differential protection

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 Comparators

 The part of the circuitry which compares the two actuating

quantities either in amplitude or phase is known as the
comparators.
Comparators

Amplitude Comparator Phase Comparator

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 Amplitude Comparator
 Amplitude Comparator compares the magnitudes of the of two
input quantities irrespective of the angle between them.
 One input is operating quantity and the other restraining
quantity.
 Instantanieous values of two sinusoidal inputs comparison not
possible unless at least one of the signal is rectified.
Types of Amplitude Comparator
i) Circulating current type rectifier bridge comparators
ii) Phase splitting comparators
iii) Sampling comparators

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Rectifier bridge type Amplitude comparators

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  The operating and restraining quantities are rectified and
then applied to a slave relay or thyristor circuit.
 There are two full wave rectifiers, one for the operating
quantity and the other for the restraining quantity.
 The output of these bridges are applied to a dc polarised
relay.
 The operating quantity exceeds the restraining quantity, the
relay operates.
To get more accurate results the rectified by a precision
rectifier employing an operational amplifier.

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 Phase splitting comparators

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  The input is split into six components 60o apart
 So that the output after rectification is smoothed within 5%.
 As both input signals to the relay are smoothed out before
they are compared.

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 Sampling comparators

 One signal is sampled, it is compared with the average value

of the other signal.
 Sampling of input signals can be carried out once every cycle
or once every half cycle.
 Sampling of input signals can be carried out once every cycle
scheme slower, simpler and less expensive.
 Sampling of input signals can be carried out once every half
cycle scheme is faster, complex and more expensive.

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Realisation of reactance relay using sampling
comparator

•Comparing the instantaneous value of voltage at the moment

when current is zero with the rectified current.
 for the operation of the relay, the condition to be satisfied in
below.
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 Realisation of mho relay using sampling
comparator

M<K

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 • Comparing the instantaneous value of current at the moment
when voltage peak with the rectified voltage.
 for the operation of the relay, the condition to be satisfied in
above.

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 Phase Comparator
 A phase comparator compares two input quantities in phase
angle, irrespective of their magnitudes and operates if the
phase angle between them is <= 900.
Types of phase Comparator
i) Vector product phase comparator
ii) Coincidence type phase comparator.

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 Vector product phase comparator

 The output is proportional to the vector product of the ac

input signals.
Types Vector product phase comparator
Hall effect phase comparator
Magneto resistivity

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 Hall effect phase comparator

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 Magneto resistivity

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 Coincidence type phase comparator
 The period of Coincidence of positive polarity of two input
signals is measured and compared with a predetermined
angle, usually 900.

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 Types of Coincidence type phase comparator
a) Phase splitting type phase comparator
b) Integrating type phase comparator
c) Rectifier bridge type phase comparator
d) Time-bias type phase comparator

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 Phase splitting type phase comparator

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  Both inputs are slit into two components shifted ± 45o from
the original wave.
 All four signals fed to AND gate, tripping occurs when all the
four signals become simultaneously positive at any time
during the cycle.
 Coincidence of all the four signals occurs only when Ø is less
than 90o .
The full range of operation
- 90o< Ø < 90o

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 Integrating type phase comparator

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  Sinusoidal inputs are first converted into square waves and
then are applied to an AND gate.
 The output of the AND gate is a chain of pulse.
 The output of the AND gate is applied to an integrator.
 The output of the integrator is applied to level detector
which finally gives a TRIP signal.

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 Rectifier bridge type phase comparator

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 Time-bias type phase comparator

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 Duality between amplitude and phase
comparators

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 Static impedance relay using an
amplitude comparator

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 Static impedance relay using a phase
comparator

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 Static reactance relay using an
amplitude comparator

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 Static reactance relay using a phase
comparator

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 Static mho relay using an amplitude
comparator

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 Static mho relay using a phase
comparator

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