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Bus Bar Schemes For Early Starter
Bus Bar Schemes For Early Starter
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INTRODUCTION
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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The present electrical power system is a
complex interconnection of Generating
stations-Transmission systems-
Receiving stations- Distribution systems
and Load points.
In all the above phases of power flow, the
transfer of electrical energy takes place in
the electric sub stations.
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INTRODUCTION
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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Basically an electrical sub station consists
of a number of incoming circuits and out
going circuits connected to common bus
bar systems.
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INTRODUCTION
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
Each circuit connected to the bus bar will have
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certain electrical component such as circuit
breakers, isolators, earth switches, current
transformers and voltage transformers.
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INTRODUCTION
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
A sub station receives electrical power from
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generating station through incoming
transmission lines and delivers electrical
power through the out going transmission
lines.
Sub station is an integral part of a power
system and is an important link between
the generating stations, transmission
systems, distribution systems and load
points. 5
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
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The sub station is designed with an
objective to provide maximum
reliability, flexibility, continuity of
service and to meet these objectives
with the lowest investment costs that
satisfy system requirement.
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DESIGN
THECONSIDERATIONS
ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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System requirements include the selection of
optimum voltage levels depending on the load
requirements and the transmission distances
involved. Generally, the generating source will be
far away from the load centers. The advantage of
capitalizing on low site costs, availability of ample
cooling water supply, economical fuel supply and
less stringent environmental considerations
compel construction of generating source far away
from load centers, there by, increasing
transmission distances.
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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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Hence, to transmit power over long distances the
transmission voltage is to be increased and in our
country 400 kV is becoming common and higher
voltages for transmission is being explored. Many
factors such as voltage level, load capacity, site space
limitations, transmission line right of way requirement
and environmental considerations influence the design
of sub stations.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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BUS LAYOUT AND SWITCHING ARRANGEMENT
Since the major sub station costs are reflected in the power
transformers, circuit breakers and disconnecting switches,
the bus layout and switching arrangement selected will
determine the number of switches and power circuit breakers
required.
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SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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The term layout denotes the physical
arrangement of various components in the
sub station relative to one another. The
layout is significant as it influences the
operation, maintenance, cost and
protection of the sub station. These
aspects are considered while designing
the sub station layout.
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SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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With the given number of incoming lines, out
going lines, transformers, etc., the sub station
can be designed in several alternative ways.
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SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
Switching requirement for normal operation.
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Switching requirement during abnormal
conditions like short circuits and overloads.
Degree of flexibility in operations, simplicity.
Freedom from total shutdowns.
Maintenance requirements, space for
approaching various equipment for
maintenance.
Road/ rail for transporting main and auxiliary
equipment.
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SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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Safety of personnel.
Protective zones for main and back up
protection.
Provision for bye pass facilities and for
extensions, space requirements.
Technical requirements such as ratings,
clearances, earth system, lightning protection.
Requirement for SCADA and communication.
Compatibility for local and ambient condition.
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SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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The choice of bus bar schemes for ac yards
depend upon several factors mentioned above.
The important bus bar schemes are:
Single bus bar
Double bus bar with one breaker per circuit
Double bus bar with two breaker per circuit
Main and transfer bus
Ring bus or Mesh scheme
Breaker and a half(1 1/2 breaker) arrangement14
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SUB STATION LAYOUT AND BUS BAR SCHEMES
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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The various schemes are generally compared to
emphasize their advantage and limitations.
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VARIOUS BUS BARSUB
THE ELECTRIC SCHEMES
STATION
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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME
BUS
ISOLATOR
BREAKER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
POWER TRANSFORMER
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME
Advantage –Lowest cost
Disadvantage:
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VARIOUS BUS BAR SCHEMES
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS
SECTIONALISER
SECTIONALISER ISOLATOR
BREAKER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
POWER TRANSFORMER
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS SECTIONALISER
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DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER CIRCUIT
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
BUS-1
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BUS-2
BUS COUPLER
BREAKER
BREAKER
POWER TRANSFORMER
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER CIRCUIT
This arrangement has the following advantages:
Each load may be fed from either bus.
Operational flexibility may be increased by grouping the
incoming and out going feeders in separate groups.
Either bus bar can be taken out for maintenance.
Bus coupler helps in ‘on load change over ‘from one bus to
the other.
Adopted where load and continuity justify additional cost.
A major disadvantage is that the breaker can not be taken
out for maintenance without interrupting supply to the
concerned circuit.
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DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
CIRCUIT
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Bus protection scheme may cause loss of sub
station when it operates if all circuits are
connected to that bus.
High exposure to bus faults.
Line breaker failure takes all circuits connected
to that bus out of service.
Bus tie breaker failure takes the entire sub
station out of service.
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DOUBLE MAIN BUS & CB BYPASS ISOLATOR SYSTEM
T/F-1 T/F-2
BUS COUPLER
BUS-1
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TIE BREAKER BREAKER
TRANSFER BUS
LINE LINE
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MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
This is an alternative to double bus single
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breaker arrangement which provided for change
over to either bus for carrying out maintenance
on other bus. But it provided no facility for
breaker maintenance without interrupting power
supply to the concerned circuit.
The main and transfer bus works the other way
round.
This arrangement provides facility for carrying
out breaker maintenance but does not permit
bus maintenance. 25
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS
The cost is increased due to use of an extra isolator for each circuit and
providing interlock for bus coupler and circuit isolators.
Relaying sensitivity decreases as the same bus coupler is used to energize the
concerned circuit for all the circuit breakers whenever they are taken out for
maintenance.
Failure of bus or any circuit breaker results in shut down of entire sub station.
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DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM
T/F-1 T/F-2
BUS-1
BUS COUPLER
BUS-2
TRANSFER BUS
COUPLER
BAY3 BAY4 BAY5
BAY1 BAY2 TRANSFER BUS BAY6 BAY7 BAY8
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BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS
• Double Bus Bar Arrangement with
Transfer Bus.
This arrangement provides more
additional flexibility, continuity of Power
Supply, permits periodic maintenance
without total shut down as the two main
buses can be operated independently with
the same redundancy.
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DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH TWO BREAKER
PER CIRCUIT
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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BUS-1
BREAKER
BUS-2
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LINE LINE 29
DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH TWO BREAKER PER
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
CIRCUIT
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Each circuit has two dedicated breakers.
Has flexibility in permitting feeder circuits to be
connected to either bus.
Any breaker can be taken out of service for
maintenance.
High reliability.
Most expensive. Used only in large generating
stations where security of connection is paramount.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
• RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME
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ISOLATOR
BREAKER
LINE
POWER TRANSFORMER
LINE
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RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME
THE ELECTRIC
In this scheme the breakersSUB STATION
are arranged in a ring with
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circuits connected between breakers.
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RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME
The circuits connected to the ring are arranged so that
sources are alternated with loads.
For an extended circuit outage, the line isolator may be
opened and the ring can be closed.
No changes to protective relays are required for any of the
various operating conditions or during maintenance.
The ring bus scheme is economical in cost, has good
reliability, is safe for operation, is flexible, and is normally
considered suitable for important sub stations up to a limit of
five circuits.
It is common practice to build major sub stations initially as a
ring bus; for more than five outgoing circuits, the ring bus is
usually developed to the breaker-and-a-half scheme.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
• One and a Half Breaker Arrangement.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME
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BUS-1
ISOLATOR
BREAKER
LINE
TIE BREAKER
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BUS-2
I-CONFIGUARATION
FEEDER1 FEEDER3 FEEDER5 FEEDER7 FEEDER9 FEEDER11
BAY10
BAY13
BAY16
BAY4
BAY7
BAY1
BAY14
BAY17
BAY11
BAY8
BAY2
BAY5
BAY12
BAY18
BAY15
BAY9
BAY3
BAY6
BUS-2
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FEEDER2 FEEDER4 FEEDER6 FEEDER8 FEEDER10 FEEDER12
D-CONFIGUARATION
FEEDER1 FEEDER2 FEEDER5 FEEDER6 FEEDER9 FEEDER10
BAY13
BAY15
BAY3
BAY9
BAY1
BAY7
DIA1 DIA3 DIA5
BUS-1
BUS-2
BAY18
BAY6
BAY10
BAY12
BAY16
BAY4
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• The breaker and a half scheme, some times
called the three switch scheme, has three
breakers in series between the main buses.
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• BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
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• The breaker-and-a-half arrangement is more
expensive than other schemes, except the
double-breaker-double-bus scheme.
• However, the breaker-and-a-half scheme is
superior in flexibility, reliability, and safety.
• Protective relaying and automatic re-closing
schemes are more complex than for other
schemes and hence costly.
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THANK YOU
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• ANY QUESTIONS ?
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