M.B.E.

S
COLLEGE OF ENGINERING,AMBAJOGAI
M.Tech IV Sem

Presented by
Miss. Renuka S. Dabir
Seat No: 1239320005
Under the Guidance of
Prof.V .V. YERIGERI

1
Introduction
Problem Statement
Aim
Objectives
Literature Review
EMS
Advantages of EMS
Algorithm
Results
Conclusion
References 2
• D2D communication is direct communication between mobile to devices
• Uses cellular spectrum(licensed band)
• Allows communication between two devices without participation of base
station
• Radio resources may be simultaneously used by cellular and d2d links so
that the same spectral resource can be used more than once within same
cell(reuse gain)

3
 …
• Proximity of equipments provides:
• High data rate
• Low latency
• Reduced energy consumption
• Extended cellular coverage
• Capacity improved
• Users have simultaneous cellular D2D transmission

4
Fig 1. Representative use-cases of D2D communication in cellular
networks

5
• M2M communications
• Relaying
• Gamming
• Cellular offloading
• Direct connectivity

6
Fig 2. Classification of D2D communication based on the spectrum use.

7
• Next generation wireless technology that can provide up to multi- Gbps
wireless connectivity.

• Data rate is expected to be 40-100 times faster than today’s wireless LAN
technologies.

8
Fig 3.MmWave 5G cellular network architecture with D2D communications enabled

9
• Larger bandwidth
• Higher transmission rate
• Reduces hardware size
• Higher the frequency-smaller the antenna

10
• Low power access radio points that operate in licensed spectrum.

• Small cell provides :

• Flexibility
• Increased QOS and QOE
• Environment friendly
• Reduced number of cell towers.

11
• Lower delay
• In building coverage
• Better cell edge coverage
• High throughput

12
• The optimal multicast scheduling problem with D2D communications and
concurrent transmissions considered is formulated into a mixed integer
nonlinear program (MINLP), which minimizes the total energy
consumption of multicast transmissions by power control with the
throughput larger than or equal to that of the serial unicast scheme.
• So, EMS is proposed to solve above formulated problem.

13
• To propose an energy efficient multicast scheme called EMS to solve the
formulated problem.
• EMS is also a practical multicast scheduling scheme. EMS consists of D2D
path planning algorithm, concurrent scheduling algorithm, and power
control algorithm.

14
 To reduce energy consumption and power control by using energy efficient
system EMS
• D2D path planning algorithm
• Concurrent transmission paths
• Power control algorithm

15
• Yong Niu et.al proposed an energy- efficient multicast scheduling scheme,
referred to as EMS, which utilizes both D2D communications and
concurrent transmissions to achieve high energy efficiency. [1]
• M. Elkashlan and H.-H. Chen gives an overview of propagation to
coverage, presenting a holistic view of research challenges and
opportunities in the emerging area of mm Wave radio systems and 5G
mobile broadband[2]
• Y. Niu et.al considered the optimal joint scheduling problem of access and
backhaul networks for small cells in the mm Wave band. proposed a
centralized MAC scheduling scheme, D2DMAC, where direct
transmissions between devices, i.e., device-to-device transmissions, are
enabled for performance improvement.

16
• Z. Xiao et.al studied hierarchical codebook design for mm Wave
communication. Firstly, two basic criteria have been proposed for the
codebook design. Next, a complete binary-tree structured hierarchical
codebook has been designed by jointly using sub-array and deactivation
techniques[13]

• Y. Niu et,al have studied the problem of blockage and efficient scheduling
in mm Wave WPANs. Links’ vulnerability to blockage and inherent
directivity are explicitly considered in our design of BRDMAC, and it
obtains near-optimal relay selection by the relay selection algorithm and
computes near optimal schedules by the scheduling algorithm. [18]

17
• Energy efficient multicast scheduling scheme (EMS)
• Utilizes both D2D and concurrent transmission
• An efficient mechanism for one-to-many transmissions over wireless
channel.

• EMS is implemented by following steps:

• D2D path planning
• Concurrent transmission
• Power control

18
• D2D path planning
- establishes multiple D2D transmission paths from BS.
- establish multi-hop D2D transmission paths.
• Concurrent multi-hop scheduling
- schedule links on D2D paths concurrently into each pairing with
the interference controlled .
• Power control algorithm
- proposed to adjust the transmission power of links for low energy
consumption.

19
 b) Timeline operation of the serial
a) Network topology and serial unicast scheme
unicast scheme operation
20
• EMS is frame based
• Each frame has 2 parts
• scheduling
• transmission
: obtain multicast traffic and group from upper layers
: schedule multicast traffic
: pushes the schedule to users in multicast group

21
(a) Network topology and EMS (b) Timeline operation of EMS
operation 22
• Less interference in cellular system.

• Better network performance.

• Reduced energy consumption.

23
24
• The beam training is done with the help of location information from location
techniques
• With the increase of multicast group size, the time overhead increases due to
more D2D pairs on the D2D paths
• The time overhead is significantly smaller than the duration of the
transmission part. Therefore, the additional time overhead for beam training of
D2D pairs has a marginal impact on the overall throughput 25
Fig 2: The energy consumption for beam training between D2D pairs in EMS and
the D2D scheme under different multicast group sizes

26
 Fig 3 : The energy consumption comparison of three schemes under different
multicast data sizes.
• To show the gap between different schemes more clearly, we show the
results with logarithmic coordinates
• EMS achieves the lowest energy consumption, and the gap between the
D2D scheme and FDMAC shows the role of D2D communications in
reducing the energy consumption
27
 Fig 4 : The D2D ratio comparison of three schemes under different multicast data
sizes.
• D2D scheme achieves the highest D2D ratio among the schemes.
• Since D2D communications are not enabled in FDMAC, its D2D ratio is 0.
• In contrast, our proposed EMS achieves a relatively low D2D ratio.
28
Fig 5 : The energy consumption comparison under different multicast group sizes.

29
• EMS reduces energy consumption
• Multi-hop D2D transmission paths by D2D path planning algorithm are
established.
• Due to more time slots are allocated to each link, lower transmission power
can be achieved, and total energy consumption is reduced accordingly.

30
 References
[1] Yong Niu, Yu Liu, Yong Li, Xinlei Chen, Zhangdui Zhong, and Zhu Han, 2018. “Device-to-Device
Communications Enabled Energy Efficient Multicast Scheduling in mmWave Small Cells”, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 66, NO.3.
[2] M. Elkashlan, T. Q. Duong, and H.-H. Chen, 2015. “Millimeter-wave communications for 5G—Part 2:
Applications [Guest editorial],” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 166–167.
[3] Y. Niu, L. Su, C. Gao, Y. Li, D. Jin, and Z. Han, 2016. “Exploiting device - to - device communications to
enhance spatial reuse for popular content downloading in directional mmWave small cells,” IEEE Trans.
Veh. Technol., vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 5538–5550.
[4] S. Naribole and E. W. Knightly, 2016. “Scalable multicast in highly-directional 60 GHz WLANs,” in Proc.
SECON, London, U.K., pp. 1–9.
[5] Y. Li, Z. Wang, D. Jin, and S. Chen, 2015. “Optimal mobile content downloading in device-to-device
communication underlaying cellular networks,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 3596–
3608, Jul. 2014.
[6] L. Song, D. Niyato, Z. Han, and E. Hossain, Wireless Device-to-Device Communications and Networks.
Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press.
[7] J. Qiao, L. X. Cai, X. Shen, and J. W. Mark, 2012. “STDMA-based scheduling algorithm for concurrent
transmissions in directional millimeter wave networks,” in Proc. ICC, Ottawa, ON, Canada, pp. 5221–
5225.
[8] V. Jungnickel, K. Manolakis, W. Zirwas, B. Panzner, V. Braun, M. Lossow, M. Sternad, R. Apelfrojd, and T.
Svensson, 2014. “The role of small cells, coordinated multipoint, and massive mimo in 5g,”
Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 52, pp. 44–51.
31
 Contd..
[9] T. S. Rappaport, J. N. Murdock, and F. Gutierrez, Jr., 2009. “State of the art in 60-GHz integrated circuits and
systems for wireless communications,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 1390–1436, Aug. 2011.Wireless
Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for High Rate Wireless Personal
Area Networks (WPANs)—Amendment 2: Millimeter-Wave Based Alternative Physical Layer, IEEE
Standard 802.15.3c.
[10] Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications—Amendment 3:
Enhancements for Very High Throughput 60 GHz Band, IEEE Standard 802.11ad, 2012. IEEE P802.11-Task
Group ay.
[11] S. Singh, R. Mudumbai, and U. Madhow, 2011. “Interference analysis for highly directional 60-GHz mesh
networks: The case for rethinking medium access control,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 19, no. 5, pp.
1513–1527.
[12] J. Wang et al., 2009. “Beam codebook based beamforming protocol for multi- Gbps smillimeter-wave
WPAN systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1390–1399.
[13] Y. Tsang, A. Poon, and S. Addepalli, 2011. “Coding the beams: Improving beamforming training in
mmWave communication system,” in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., Houston, TX, USA, pp. 1–6.
[14] Z. Xiao, T. He, P. Xia, and X.-G. Xia, 2016. “Hierarchical codebook design for beamforming training in
millimeter-wave communication,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 3380–3392.
[15]A. Finamore, M. Mellia, Z. Gilani, K. Papagiannaki, V. Erramilli, and Y. Grunenberger, 2013. “Is there a
case for mobile phone content pre-staging?” in Proc. CoNEXT, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, pp. 321–326.

32
31