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Powerpoint Leukemia
Powerpoint Leukemia
Powerpoint Leukemia
Apolonio, Leizel, R.
Corpuz Rolyn
Mañalac Joelle Anne
Señeres Loui Anne
INTRODUCTION
Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood stem cells. Stem cells are basic cells that
develop into different types of cells that have different jobs.
Blood stem cells develop into either lymphoid stem cells or myeloid stem cells.
Lymphoid stem cells develop into lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
Lymphocytes help fight infection and destroy abnormal cells. The 3 types of
lymphocytes are B cells, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.
Myeloid stem cells develop into red blood cells, granulocytes, monocytes or platelets.
Red blood cells carry oxygen to all tissues of the body. Granulocytes and monocytes are
types of white blood cells that destroy bacteria and help fight infection. Platelets form
clots in damaged blood vessels to stop bleeding.
As the stem cells of the blood develop, they become blast cells (blasts), which are
immature blood cells.
1. Smoking
The only proven lifestyle-related risk factor for AML is smoking.
2. Chemical exposures
4. Radiation exposure
5. Family history
SCREENING AND DETECTION
Determining the exact condition, and what specific type, often
takes more than one approach:
The following tests and procedures may be used:
Physical exam and history examines the patient’s past
illnesses and treatments, and any signs of disease, such as a
swollen spleen, lumps, or anything else that seems unusual.
Complete blood count (CBC): A sample of blood is drawn to
check for the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets, as well as the amount of hemoglobin (the protein
that carries oxygen) and the portion of the sample made up of
red blood cells.
Peripheral blood smear: This procedure checks a sample of
blood for cells that look “hairy,” the number and kinds of white
blood cells and changes in the shape of blood cells.
Blood chemistry studies: These test a blood sample for the
amounts of certain substances released into the blood by
organs and tissues in the body to look for signs of disease.
Bone marrow biopsy: This test involves
aspiration of bone marrow, blood and a small
piece of bone from the hipbone or breastbone
to look for microscopic signs of cancer.
Immunophenotyping: A laboratory test
examines the antigens or markers on the
surface of a blood or bone marrow cell to see
what type of cell it is. This test helps diagnose
the specific type of leukemia by comparing the
cancer cells to normal cells of the immune
system
Flow cytometry: This laboratory test measures the number of
cells in a sample, the percentage of live cells and certain
characteristics of cells, such as size, shape and the presence
of tumor markers on the cell surface. Measurements are based
on how the light-sensitive dye reacts to the light.
Cytogenetic analysis: This laboratory test looks
at cells in a sample of tissue under a
microscope to look for certain changes in the
chromosomes. The characteristic chromosomal
abnormality called Philadelphia (Ph)
chromosome (90-95%)
Comprehensive gene profile: A laboratory test
to identify gene aberrations to personalize
treatment.
CT scan: This procedure makes a series of
detailed pictures of areas inside the body,
which are taken from different angles and use
contrast dye to look for things such as swollen
lymph nodes or spleen.
PREVENTION
there is no known way to prevent most types of
leukemia.
some types of leukemia can be prevented by
avoiding:
high doses of radiation
exposure to the chemical benzene
smoking and other tobacco use
certain types of chemotherapy used to treat other
cancers
Classified on the basis of cell types predominantly involved – myeloid or
lymphoid
Acute: predominance of undifferentiated leucocyte precursors or leukemic
blasts – Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) - at all ages – Acute
lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) – primarily a disease of children and young
adults
Chronic: late precursor series of leucocytes – Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
– middle age – Chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLL) - elderly
CLINICAL FEATURES
also called acute the most common the myeloid stem cells (also called CML or
lymphoblastic leukemia, leukemia in adults. It's a usually become a type of chronic granulocytic
is a cancer that starts type of cancer that starts immature white blood cell leukemia) is a slowly
from the early version of in cells that become called myeloblasts (or progressing blood and
white blood cells called certain white blood cells myeloid blasts). The bone marrow disease that
lymphocytes in the bone (called lymphocytes) in myeloblasts in AML are usually occurs during or
marrow (the soft inner the bone marrow. The abnormal and do not after middle age, and
part of the bones, where cancer (leukemia) cells become healthy white rarely occurs in children.
new blood cells are start in the bone marrow blood cells. Sometimes in And is a disease in which
made). Leukemia cells but then go into the AML, too many stem cells the bone marrow makes
usually invade the blood blood. become abnormal red too many white blood
fairly quickly. blood cells or platelets. cells. Most people with
These abnormal white CML have a gene
blood cells, red blood mutation (change) called
cells, or platelets are also the Philadelphia
called leukemia cells or chromosome.
blasts.