Unit-2

petroleum
• Paraffins:
• Paraffins refer to alkanes such as methane,
ethane, propane, and iso butane, and iso
pentane. These compounds are primarily
obtained as a gas fraction from the crude
distillation unit
• Naphthenes:
• Naphthenes or cycloalkanes such as
cyclopropane, methyl cyclohexane are also
present in the crude oil.
• Aromatics:
• Aromatics such as benzene, toluene o/m/p-
xylene are also available in the crude oil.
These contribute towards higher octane
number products and the target is to
maximize their quantity in a refinery process.
petroleum products
• The aniline point of an oil is defined as the
minimum temperature at which equal
volumes of aniline and the lubricant oil are
miscible.
• It is used to find out cetane number and diesel
index.
• Diesel index indicates ignition quality of fuel.
• Cetane number indicates combustion quality
of fuel.
 Freezing point
• It is the temperature at which the fuel oil
freezes completely and cannot flow at all.
• An emulsion is a mixture of two or more
liquids that are normally immiscible.
Emulsions are part of a more general class of
two-phase systems of matter called colloids.
• 56.11V × N/W. in which 56.11 is the molecular
weight of potassium hydroxide; V is the
volume, in mL; N is the normality of the
potassium hydroxide solution or the sodium
hydroxide solution; and W is the weight, in g,
of the sample taken.
 Calorific value

• It is defined as the amount of heat obtainable by the complete

combustion of a unit mass of the fuel. Units of Calorific value;
Calorie, kilocalorie, British thermal unit, centigrade heat unit.
•
• Higher calorific value / Gross calorific value (GCV)
• GCV = the total amount of heat is produced, when a unit quantity
of the fuel is completely burnt and the products of combustion are
cooled to room temperature is known as GCV
• Lower calorific value / Net calorific value (GCV)
• NCV = The total amount of heat is produced, when a unit quantity
of the fuel is completely burnt and products of combustion are
allowed to escape is known as NCV
• NCV = GCV -0.09H x 587.
 Specific gravity
• The specific gravity s of any liquid is the
density of that liquid divided by the density of
water .
 API
• American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API
gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a
petroleum liquid is compared to water: if its
API gravity is greater than 10, it is lighter and
floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier
and sinks. It is used to compare densities of
petroleum liquids.