ROOTS OF NONLINEAR

EQUATIONS
NUMERICAL METHODS
MATH 134

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

 NEWTON – RAPHSON FIRST METHOD
Step 1 • Determine the initial approximation for the root

• Find the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) then evaluate at

Step 2 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 . If 𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑖 = 0 then go to step 1

Step 3 • Establish tolerance value for the function

𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
Step 4 • Compute a new approximation to the root 𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 −
𝑓′(𝑥𝑖 )

• Check tolerance, if 𝑇 ≥ 𝑓𝑥𝑖 then end, otherwise

Step 5
go to step 4
Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 NEWTON – RAPHSON FIRST METHOD
• EXAMPLE:

• Estimate the root of 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − cos(𝑥) correct to 5 decimal

places.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 NEWTON – RAPHSON FIRST METHOD
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − cos(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 + sin(𝑥)

𝑥 = 0.785398

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 NEWTON – RAPHSON FIRST METHOD
• PROBLEM:

• Estimate the root of 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 correct to 6 decimal places using

Newton – Raphson First Method.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 SECANT METHOD
Step 1 • Estimate the initial value x – value for 𝑥𝑖−1 and 𝑥𝑖

Step 2 • Estimate 𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 ) and 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )

Step 3 • Establish the tolerance value for the function

• Solve for the approximated root 𝑥𝑖+1 using

Step 4 • 𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖 −
𝑥𝑖 ∗𝑓 𝑥𝑖−1 −𝑥𝑖−1 ∗𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑓 𝑥𝑖−1 −𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )

• Check tolerance, if 𝑇 ≥ 𝑓𝑥𝑖 then end, otherwise go to

Step 5
step 4

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 SECANT METHOD
• EXAMPLE:

• Estimate the root of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 1 correct to 5 decimal places.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 SECANT METHOD

𝑥 = 0.6823278

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 SECANT METHOD
• PROBLEM:

• Estimate the root of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 4) using the initial values 0

and 1. Correct to 5 decimal places.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FIXED POINT METHOD
• The objective of this method is to construct another function called
the auxiliary function denoted by g(x). Given a function y = f(x)
where 𝑥1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥2 , we find the value 𝑥0 such that 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 0. Thus,
we construct the function g(x) such that 𝑥0 = 𝑔(𝑥0 ), where 𝑥0 is
called the fixed point of g(x)

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FIXED POINT METHOD
• EXAMPLE:

• Estimate the roots of the equation 0 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FIXED POINT METHOD
0 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1

1
𝑥=
𝑥−1

𝑥 = −0.61803

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 FIXED POINT METHOD
0 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1

1
𝑥 =1+
𝑥

𝑥 = 1.61803

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 EXERCISES:
• PROBLEM
The Colebrook formula for fully turbulent flows in smooth pipes relates a friction factor “f” to the
diameter based pipe Reynolds number 𝑁𝑅𝑒 . This formula may written as
𝑓
𝑓 ln 𝑁𝑅𝑒 − 1.1513 = 0.
2.51

The formula is generally used with 𝑁𝑅𝑒 values greater than about 3000 (where f is
approximately equal to 0.0435). The value of “f” decreases as 𝑁𝑅𝑒 increases from 3000.
Write a computer program to determine “f” using the methods listed below. In each case
explain the choice of starting point and other necessary quantities (if any) and obtain a solution
such that the left hand side of the given equation is less than 0.0005 in magnitude.
a) Direct Search Method (𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 5000)
b) Fixed Point Method (𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 10000)
c) The Bisection Method (𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 20000)
d) False Position Method (𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 40000)
e) Newton – Rapson First Method (𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 80000)
f) Secant Method (𝑁𝑅𝑒 = 160000)
Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
 POLYNOMIAL REDUCTION
• It is used to find another root after one root has been found using
any of the method discussed earlier.
• Polynomial reduction eliminates the possibility of converging to a
root that was found earlier unless the polynomial has multiple
repeated roots.
• It is a process of dividing the polynomial by the which reduces the
original polynomial to a new polynomial.

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT