UNIT _IV

Satellite Access
Single Access

 A transponder channel aboard a satellite may

be fully loaded by a single transmission from
an earth station. This is referred to as a
single access mode of operation.
Multiple Access
 A transponder can also be loaded by a
number of carriers. These may originate from
a number of earth stations geographically
separate, and each earth station may transmit
one or more of the carriers. This mode of
operation is termed multiple access.
Multiple Access Schemes

• FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
Multiple access also may be classified by the way
in which circuits are assigned to users

 pre-assigned multiple access

 demand-assigned multiple access
 Pre-assigned multiple access

 In this method, circuits are allocated on a

fixed or partially fixed basis to certain users.
 These circuits are therefore not available for

general use.
 Preassignment is simple to implement but is

efficient only for circuits with continuous

heavy traffic.
 Demand-assigned multiple access

In this method, all circuits are available to all

users and are assigned according to the
demand. DAMA results in more efficient
over-all use of the circuits but is more costly
and complicated to implement
Preassigned FDMA
 Frequency slots may be preassigned to
analog and digital signals.
 The signals are frequency-division
multiplexed, frequency modulated (FM), with
FDMA to the satellite.
 Ex: Intelsat SCPC system
Three earth stations transmitting and receiving simultaneously
through the same satellite transponder, using pre-assignment FDMA.
Transponder channel assignments for the above
three earth stations
Channeling arrangement for Intelsat SCPC system.
Demand-Assigned FDMA
 In the demand-assigned mode of operation,
the transponder frequency bandwidth is
subdivided into a number of channels.
 As in the preassigned access mode, carriers

may be frequency modulated with analog

information signals
 Ex: Intelsat SPADE system
Channeling scheme for the Spade
system
TDMA
  With TDMA, only one carrier uses the
transponder at any one time.
 the signal information is transmitted in

bursts, TDMA is only suited to digital signals.

 Digital data can be assembled into burst

format for transmission and reassembled

from the received bursts through the use of
digital buffer memories
Time-division multiple access (TDMA) using a
reference station for burst synchronization
Frame and burst formats for a TDMA system. 
Preassigned TDMA

 An example of a preassigned TDMA network

is the CSC for the Spade network
Frame and bit formats for the common signaling
channel (CSC) used with the Spade system.
Demand-assigned TDMA

 A number of methods are available for providing

traffic flexibility with TDMA.
 The burst length assigned to a station may be
varied as the traffic demand varies.
 A central control station may be employed by
the network to control the assignment of burst
lengths to each participating station.
 Alternatively, each station may determine its
own burst-length requirements and assign these
in accordance with a prearranged network
discipline.
CDMA
 With CDMA the individual carriers may be
present simultaneously within the same rf
bandwidth, but each carrier carries a unique
code waveform (in addition to the information
signal) that allows it to be separated from all
the others at the receiver.