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1styr (Physics)
1styr (Physics)
August 5, 2019
Linear Momentum, cont’d
• Linear momentum is a vector quantity p mv
– Its direction is the same as the direction of the
velocity
• The dimensions of momentum are ML/T
• The SI units of momentum are kg m / s
• Momentum can be expressed in component
form:
px = mvx py = mvy pz = mvz
August 5, 2019
Newton’s Law and Momentum
• Newton’s Second Law can be used to relate the
momentum of an object to the resultant force
acting on it
v (mv )
Fnet ma m
t t
• The change in an object’s momentum divided by
the elapsed time equals the constant net force
acting on the object
p change in momentum
Fnet
t time interval
August 5, 2019
Impulse
• When a single, constant force acts on the
object, there is an impulse delivered to the
object
– I Ft
– I is defined as the impulse
– The equality is true even if the force is not constant
– Vector quantity, the direction is the same as the
direction of the force
p change in momentum
Fnet
t time interval
August 5, 2019
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
• The theorem states
that the impulse
acting on a system is
equal to the change in
momentum of the
system
p Fnet t I
I p mv f mvi
August 5, 2019
Calculating the Change of Momentum
p pafter pbefore
mvafter mvbefore
m(vafter vbefore )
For the teddy bear
p m 0 (v) mv
For the bouncing ball
p m v (v) 2mv
August 5, 2019
How Good Are the Bumpers?
In a crash test, a car of mass 1.5x103 kg collides with a wall and
rebounds as in figure. The initial and final velocities of the car are vi=-15
m/s and vf = 2.6 m/s, respectively. If the collision lasts for 0.15 s, find
(a) the impulse delivered to the car due to the collision
(b) the size and direction of the average force exerted on the car
August 5, 2019
How Good Are the Bumpers?
In a crash test, a car of mass 1.5 x 103 kg collides with a wall and
rebounds as in figure. The initial and final velocities of the car are vi=-15
m/s and vf = 2.6 m/s, respectively. If the collision lasts for 0.15 s, find
(a) the impulse delivered to the car due to the collision
(b) the size and direction of the average force exerted on the car
I p f pi mv f mvi
(0.39 10 4 kg m / s) (2.25 10 4 kg m / s)
2.64 10 4 kg m / s
p I 2.64 104 kg m / s
Fav 1.76 105 N
t t 0.15s
August 5, 2019
Conservation of Momentum
• In an isolated and closed
system, the total momentum of
the system remains constant in
time.
– Isolated system: no external forces
– Closed system: no mass enters or
leaves
– The linear momentum of each
colliding body may change
– The total momentum P of the
system cannot change.
August 5, 2019
Conservation of Momentum
• Start from impulse-momentum
theorem
F21t m1v1 f m1v1i
F12t m2v2 f m2v2i
• Since F21t F12t
• Then m1v1 f m1v1i (m2 v2 f m2 v2i )
• So m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1 f m2 v2 f
August 5, 2019
Conservation of Momentum
• When no external forces act on a system consisting of
two objects that collide with each other, the total
momentum of the system remains constant in time
Fnet t p p f pi
• When Fnet 0 then p 0
• For an isolated system
p f pi
• Specifically, the total momentum before the collision will
equal the total momentum after the collision
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1 f m2 v2 f
August 5, 2019
The Archer
An archer stands at rest on frictionless ice and fires a 0.5-kg arrow
horizontally at 50.0 m/s. The combined mass of the archer and bow is
60.0 kg. With what velocity does the archer move across the ice after
firing the arrow?
pi p f
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1 f m2 v2 f
m1 60.0kg, m2 0.5kg, v1i v2i 0, v2 f 50m / s, v1 f ?
0 m1v1 f m2 v2 f
m2 0.5kg
v1 f v2 f (50.0m / s) 0.417m / s
m1 60.0kg
August 5, 2019
Types of Collisions
• Momentum is conserved in any collision
• Inelastic collisions: rubber ball and hard ball
– Kinetic energy is not conserved
– Perfectly inelastic collisions occur when the objects
stick together
• Elastic collisions: billiard ball
– both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved
• Actual collisions
– Most collisions fall between elastic and perfectly
inelastic collisions
August 5, 2019
More about Perfectly Inelastic
Collisions
• When two objects stick together
after the collision, they have
undergone a perfectly inelastic
collision
• Conservation of momentum
m1v1i m2 v2i (m1 m2 )v f
m1v1i m2 v2i
vf
m1 m2
• Kinetic energy is NOT conserved
August 5, 2019
An SUV Versus a Compact
An SUV with mass 1.80x103 kg is travelling eastbound at
+15.0 m/s, while a compact car with mass 9.00x102 kg
is travelling westbound at -15.0 m/s. The cars collide
head-on, becoming entangled.
pi p f
m1v1i m2 v2i
vf
m1 m2
v f 5.00m / s
August 5, 2019
An SUV Versus a Compact
(b) Find the change in the velocity m1 1.80 103 kg, v1i 15m / s
of each car.
m2 9.00 102 kg, v2i 15m / s
v f 5.00m / s
m1v1 m2 v2 0
August 5, 2019
An SUV Versus a Compact
(c) Find the change in the kinetic
m
energy of the system consisting 1 1.80 10 3
kg, v1i 15m / s
of both cars. m2 9.00 102 kg, v2i 15m / s
v f 5.00m / s
1 1
KEi m1v1i m2 v22i 3.04 105 J
2
2 2
1 1
KE f m1v1 f m2 v22 f 3.38 10 4 J
2
2 2
KE KE f KEi 2.70 105 J
August 5, 2019
More About Elastic Collisions
• Both momentum and kinetic energy
are conserved
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1 f m2 v2 f
1 1 1 1
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1 f m2 v22 f
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
August 5, 2019
Elastic Collisions
• A simpler equation can be used in place of the KE
equation
1 1 1 1
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1 f m2 v22 f
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
m1 (v12i v12f ) m2 (v22 f v22i )
v v ( v v )
m1 (v11i i v1 f )(v21ii v1 f ) m21(fv2 f v22i )(f v2 f v2i )
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1 f m2 v2 f m1 (v1i v1 f ) m2 (v2 f v2i )
v1i v1 f v2 f v2i
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1 f m2 v2 f
August 5, 2019
Summary of Types of Collisions
• In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic
energy are conserved
v1i v1 f v2 f v2i m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1 f m2 v2 f
August 5, 2019
Where is the Center of Mass ?
• The center of mass of particles
• Two bodies in 1 dimension
m1 x1 m2 x2
xCM
m1 m2
August 5, 2019
Where is the Center of Mass ?
• Assume m1 = 1 kg, m2 = 3 kg, and x1 = 1
m, x2 = 5 m, where is the center of mass
of these two objects? m1 x1 m2 x2
xCM
A) xCM = 1 m m1 m2
B) xCM = 2 m
C) xCM = 3 m
D) xCM = 4 m
E) xCM = 5 m
August 5, 2019
Center of Mass
for a System of Particles
• Two bodies and one dimension
– where M = m1 + m2 + m3 +…
August 5, 2019
Sample Problem : Three particles of masses m1 = 1.2 kg,
m2 = 2.5 kg, and m3 = 3.4 kg form an equilateral triangle of
edge length a = 140 cm. Where is the center of mass of this
system? (Hint: m1 is at (0,0), m2 is at (140 cm,0), and m3 is
at (70 cm, 120 cm), as shown in the figure below.)
1 n
m1 x1 m2 x2 m3 x3
xCM
M
i 1
mi xi
m1 m2 m3
1 n
m1 y1 m2 y2 m3 y3
yCM
M
i 1
mi yi
m1 m2 m3
August 5, 2019