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Chap 2 Body Coordination.
Chap 2 Body Coordination.
Body Coordination
Body Coordination
Controlled by
Koordinasi Badan
Koordinasi Badan
Dikawal oleh
Body Coordination
Body
Stimulus Response
coordination
Example
Stimulus Response
Coordination
Our hand accidentally Our hand quickly draw
centre
touch a hot iron away from the hot iron
Importance
This is to protect the
hand from injures.
Contoh
Kepentingan
Mengelakkan tangan
dari tercedera.
Brain
Cranial
Central nerves Somatic
nervous Spinal nervous
system Spinal nerves system
Peripheral
cord nervous system
Autonomic
nervous system
(join to internal
organ)
Otak
Saraf
kranium Sistem
Sistem saraf
Saraf saraf
pusat
Saraf spina soma
Sistem saraf
tunjang periferi
Sistem saraf
autonomi
(berhubung
dengan organ
dalaman)
Skull
Brain Spinal cord
Spinal
nerves Muscle Skin
Nerve
fibres
(axons)
Neuron
(akson)
Neurone
Nucleus
Cell body
Node of Ranvier
Dendron
Neuron
Nukleus
Badan sel
Nodus Ranvier
Dendron
Salut Akson
Dendrit
Mielin
Neuron
Neuron deria Neuron motor
perantaraan
Sensory Neurone
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Direction
of impulse
Dendrite
Dendron
Node of Axon
Receptor
Ranvier
(sensory organ)
Carry impulse from receptors (sensory organs) to the central
nervous system
Neuron Deria
Badan sel
Salut Meilin
Arah impuls
Dendrit
Dendron
Nodus Ranvier Akson
Reseptor
(organ deria)
Relay Neurones
Direction of impulse
Cell body
Dendron
Axon
Dendrite
Neuron Perantaraan
Arah impuls
Badan sel
Dendron
Akson
Dendrit
Motor Neurones
Cell body
Effector
Dendrite Node of Ranvier (muscles or
Myelin sheath
axon glands)
Direction of impulse
Dendron
Neuron Motor
Badan sel
Efektor
Dendrit Nodus Ranvier (otot atau
Salut Meilin
Akson kelenjar)
Arah impuls
Dendron
Menghantar impuls dari sistem saraf pusat ke otot atau kelenjar (efektor)
dalam badan.
Nervous Coordination
Nervous Coordination
Nerve impulse is a message conveyed along in the form of a weak
electrical pulse
Sensory
Stimulus Receptors
neurones
Brain and
spine
Central integrate
nervous system the
information.
Response Effector Motor neurones
Appropriate action
Muscles or glands Transmit impulse to
taken toward the
that respond the effectors
stimulus.
Sistem saraf
pusat
Tindakan yang
Otot atau kelenjar
sesuai dengan Menghantar impuls
yang akan
rangsangan ke efektor.
bertindak balas.
dilakukan.
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4
Topic 2 Body Coordination
Nervous Coordination
Nervous Coordination
Koordinasi Saraf
Nervous Coordination
Reflex Action
Sensory
Stimulus Receptors Synapse
neurones
Relay neurone
in spinal cord
Tindakan Refleks
Tindakan refleks adalah suatu gerak balas segera dan automatik terhadap
sesuatu rangsangan luar tanpa kawalan otak.
Laluan yang dilintasi oleh impuls dalam tindakan refleks dikenali sebagai arka
refleks.
Neuron perantaraan
dalam saraf tunjang
Nervous Coordination
Reflex
ReflexAction
Action
Tindakan Refleks
Tindakan Refleks
Proprioceptors
Proprioceptors in the
muscle spindles,
tendons and ligament
Ligament
ITeach – Science Form 4
Bab 2 Koordinasi Badan
Reseptor Regang
Reseptor Regang
Reseptor regang adalah reseptor/ organ deria yang dihubungkan kepada
neuron deria.
Reseptor regang terdapat di dalam otot, tendon, ligamen, dan vestibular di
dalam telinga.
Reseptor regang
Ligamen
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4
Topic 2 Body Coordination
Reseptor Regang
Walking in
Riding bicycle Playing piono Dancing
tight rope
Using hand to
determine the heavier Tiding shoe lace Changing clothes in the
object between two
objects without seeing without looking at it dark
it
Reseptor Regang
Menunggang Berjalan di
Main piano Menari
basikal atas tali
Menggunakan tangan
untuk menentukan Mengikat tali kasut Menukar baju dalam
berat di antara dua
objek tanpa melihat tanpa melihat keadaan gelap
objek.
Medulla oblongata
Cerebrum •
At the bottom part of brain and
connected to the spinal cord.
• Controls involuntary action such as
Cerebellum heart beat.
• Coordinates reflex action such as
Medulla oblongata
coughing, vomiting.
Cerebrum Cerebellum
• Consist of two hemispheres. • Below and behind cerebrum.
• Biggest part of brain. • Two hemispheres and is folded.
• Made up of grey matter which is • Controls body balance .
highly folded to increase surface area
• Maintain posture.
and store more neurone.
• Controls mental, sensory and • Coordinates all body movement such
voluntary action. as cycling.
Otak Manusia
Otak Manusia
Medula oblongata
Serebrum • Terletak di bawah serebrum dan
bersambung dengan saraf tunjang.
• Mengawal aktiviti luar kawal seperti
Serebelum denyutan jantung.
• Mengawal tindakan refleks seperti
Medula oblongata
batuk dan muntah.
Serebrum Serebelum
• Terdiri daripada dua hemisfera. • Terletak di bawah dan belakang
• Bahagian otak yang paling besar. serebrum.
• Terdiri daripada jirim kelabu yang • Dua hemisfera yang berlipat-lipat.
berlipat-lipat untuk menambahkan • Mengawal keseimbangan badan.
luas permukaan dan menyimpan
lebih banyak neuron. • Mengekalkan postur badan.
• Mengawal pemikiran dan ingatan, • Menyelaraskan pergerakan seperti
aktiviti terkawal, serta deria. menunggang basikal.
Medulla oblongata
Hearing :
Explanation Partially or completely deaf.
Otak Manusia
Bahagian-bahagian Otak Dan Kesan Mengalami
Kecederaan
Ingatan:
Pusat motor :
Berfikir, belajar, kehilangan
Kelumpuhan
ingatan
Deria pada kulit dan otot:
Pertuturan: Hilang upaya mengesan
Bisu rangsangan di kulit
Medula oblongata
Pendengaran :
Penjelasan Sebahagian atau seluruhnya
pekak
Awareness
Yes No
during activities
Action can be
Yes No
controlled
Involves somatic nervous Involves automatic nervous
Impulses
system system
Speed of Can be slower down or
Fast
response speeded up
Otak Manusia
Hormones
secreted by
Endocrine glands
Koordinasi Hormon
Koordinasi Hormon
Hormon
Dirembes oleh
Kelenjar endokrin
Hormone
A kind of protons.
Koordinasi Hormon
Hormon
Endocrine Gland
Endocrine
hormone gland
bloodstream
Blood vessel
Koordinasi Hormon
Kelenjar Endokrin
Kelenjar
Hormon endokrin
Aliran darah
Salur darah
Endocrine System
Response to stimuli
from internal and Endocrine Glands Ductless glands
external environment.
secrete
Effect is
long
Small amount lasting
Hormones
Directly into
Slow to
Kind of proteins bloodstream
respond
Specific target organs in
another part of body.
Koordinasi Hormon
Sistem Endokrin
Koordinasi Hormon
Terletak di bahagian
Kelenjar
bawah kelenjar
Pituitari
serebrum.
Terletak di kawasan
Kelenjar Kelenjar Tiroid leher di hadapan
Pituitari trakea.
Kelenjar
Tiroid Kelenjar
Terletak di atas ginjal.
Adrenal
Kelenjar
Adrenal Terletak di bawah
Pankreas
Pankreas
perut.
Ovari
Terletak di dalam
Ovari
Testis abdomen.
Dilindingi oleh
Perempuan Lelaki Testis
skrotum.
Pituitary
To control water
Stimulates growth of
Function absorption from the
muscles and bones
kidneys.
Koordinasi Hormon
Pituitari
Merangsang Mengawal
Fungsi pertumbuhan otot dan penyerapan air dari
tulang. ginjal.
Thyroid
Gland Thyroid
Secrete
Hormone Thryoxine
Metabolic rate
increases, heart-beat
Excessive
accelerate, blood Sweating Protruding
Hormonal
pressure and body occur. eyeballs
Secretions
temperature
increases.
Koordinasi Hormon
Kelenjar Tiroid
Kelenjar Tiroid
Merembes
Hormon Tiroksin
Pertumbuhan terbantut
Kadar
Kekurangan dan perkembangan minda
metabolisme Goiter.
hormon terencat di kalangan
rendah.
kanak-kanak.
Controls blood
Gland Pancreas
sugar level.
Secrete
Hormone Insulin Glucagon
Koordinasi Hormon
Pankreas
Mengawal aras
Kelenjar Pankreas
glukosa dalam darah.
Merembes
Hormon Insulin Glukagon
Adrenal
Gland Adrenal
Secrete
Hormone Adrenaline
Deficient
Lack of ability to
Hormonal Muscle become weak.
overcome stress.
Secretion
Koordinasi Hormon
Kelenjar Adrenal
Kelenjar Adrenal
Merembes
Hormon Adrenalin
Ovary
Gland Ovary
Secrete
Hormone Oestrogen
Stimulates
Controls Prepares
female’s
Function menstrual uterus lining
secondary sex
cycle. for pregnancy.
characteristics.
Excessive
Hormonal Extreme feminine characteristics.
Secretions
Incomplete
Deficient Menstrual development of
Hormonal Infertility. cycle secondary sex
Secretion interrupted. characteristics in
females.
Koordinasi Hormon
Ovari
Kelenjar Ovari
Merembes
Hormon Estrogen
Merangsang
perkembangan Menyediakan
Mengawal
Fungsi ciri-ciri seks uterus untunk
kitaran haid.
sekunder kehamilan.
perempuan.
Berlebihan
Berlebihan ciri-ciri kewanitaan.
hormon
Ketidaksempurnaan
Kekurangan Ketidak- Kitar haid perkembangan ciri-ciri
hormon suburan terjejas. seks sekunder
perempuan.
Progesterone
Gland Progesterone
Secrete
Hormone Progesterone
Excessive
Hormonal -
Secretions
Deficient Miscarriage
Hormonal Menstrual problems
Secretion
Koordinasi Hormon
Progesteron
Kelenjar Progesteron
Merembes
Hormon Progesteron
Mengelakkan pengecutan
Merangsang
uterus semasa kehamilan
Fungsi perkembangan kelenjar
bagi mencegah
susu semasa kehamilan.
keguguran.
Berlebihan
-
hormon
Testis
Gland Testis
Secrete
Hormone Testosterone
Excessive
Hormonal Extreme masculine characteristic
Secretions
Koordinasi Hormon
Testis
Kelenjar Testis
Merembes
Hormon Testosteron
Mengawal perkembangan
Merangsang penghasilan
Fungsi ciri-ciri seks sekunder
sperma.
lelaki.
Berlebihan
Berlebihan ciri-ciri kelelakian.
hormon
Ketidaksempurnaan
Kekurangan Jumlah sperma
perkembangan ciri-ciri
hormon berkurang.
seks sekunder lelaki.
Perlahan dan
Tindak balas Cepat dan sementara
berkekalan
Importance Of Coordination
Between Nervous System
And Endocrine System
Kepentingan Koordinasi
Antara Sistem Saraf
Dengan Sistem Endokrin
Drugs
Beneficial Of Drug
Beneficial Of Drug
Dadah
Kebaikan dadah
Kebaikan dadah
Stimulation
Brain becomes active.
Increase metabolic rate.
Becomes active, cannot sleep and
aggresive.
Stimulasi
Otak menjadi aktif.
Kadar metabolisme bertambah.
Aktif, agresif dan tidak boleh tidur.
• • Stimulate reaction
Cocaine
• Increase metabolism rate
Stimulants • Amphetamines
• Make a person more active, aggressive,
• Nicotine loss appetite and is unable to sleep
• Morphine • Slow down reaction
• Barbiturate • Calm a person’s mind and less anxious.
Depressants
• Tranquiliser • Excessive amount may cause drowsiness
• Heroin and may result in coma
• Morphine
• Help to relieve pain
Opiates / Narcotics • Heroin
• Opium • Induce sleep
• Marijuana • Cause hallucination
Hallucinogens • LSD • Change the thought and emotion of the
• Cannabis user.
• Glue • Cause hallucination and damage brain,
Inhalants lungs and kidneys.
• Paint thinner
• • Merangsang tindakan
Kokaine
• Menaikkan kadar metabolisme
Stimulan • Amfetamin
• Seseorang menjadi aktif, agresif, hilang
• Nikotin selera makan, dan tidak dapat tidur
• Morfin • Memperlahan tindakan
• Barbiturat • Menenangkan minda dan mengurangkan
Depresen perasaan cemas seseorang
• Tranquiliser
• Pengambilan berlebihan menyebabkan
• Heroin seseorang mengantuk lalu koma
• Morfin
• Melegakan kesakitan
Opiat / Narkotik • Heroin
• Opium (candu) • Menyebabkan seseorang boleh tidur
• Marijuana (ganja) • Menyebabkan khayalan
Halusinogen • LSD • Mempengaruh fikiran dan emosi seseorang
• Kanabis
• Gam • Menyebabkan khayalan dan kerosakan
Inhalan otak, peparu dan ginjal
• Pelarut cat
Effects
EffectsOf
Of Weaken respiratory system
Poor physical and mental Drug
Drug
Abuse Causes bronchitis and
health AbuseOnOn
Health flu.
Health
Kesan
Kesan
Penyalah-
Penyalah- Sistem pernafasan lemah
Kesihatan fizikal dan gunaan
gunaan
mental terjejas Dadah Menyebabkan bronkitis
Dadah
Terhadap
Terhadap dan selesema
Kesihatan
Kesihatan
Faktor Menyebabkan
Penyalahgunaan Dadah
Education to prevent drug abuse and anti drug campaigns through mass
media.
Memgetatkan undang-undang.
Ethanol is a psychoactive substance which can affect the efficiency of the body
coordination and health.
Alcohol is a depressant that slows down the nervous system and the brain functions.
Alkohol adalah depresen yang meperlahankan fungsi sistem saraf dan otak.
Is harmful to
Berbahaya bagi
Ciri-ciri: Ciri-ciri:
Disease
(Gastric or body ache)
Penyakit
(Gastrik atau kesakitan badan)
Importance Of
Importance Of
Healthy Mind
Healthy Mind
Enable a person to
Make a person cheerful
make logical judgement
and positive thinking.
before action.
Membolehkan individu
Supaya individu selalu
membuat penilaian
ceria dan berfikiran
yang logik sebelum
positif.
bertindak.
i - Teach