1final. Nature and Importance of Agriculture2013

NATURE AND
iMPORTANCE
OF
AGRICULTURE
RLGUARIÑO
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?????
Agriculture is a sector of economic
activity that provides human
beings with some of their basic
needs. Its outputs are food and
raw materials.
Source: http://www.shvoong.com/books/49804
6-importance-agriculture/#ixzz1J7jLV8YP
Agricultural sector of the
economy supplies most of the
raw materials used by the
industrial sector
6-importance-agriculture/#ixzz1J7jkfK2p
We can formally define agriculture
as the cultivation of the soil for
food crops, and the breeding,
feeding and management of
livestock.
6-importance-agriculture/#ixzz1J7kBmLaS
Civilization began with agriculture.
When our nomadic ancestors

began to settle and grow their own
food, human society was forever
changed.
http://www.onecountry.org/oc82/oc8202as.html
Not only towns and cities begin to
flourish, but also knowledge, the
arts and the technological
sciences.
Evidences of our works related to
agriculture:
1. World food summit
2. Food and Agriculture
Organization
3. Formulation of policies and
programs
'Abdu'l-Baha indicated that
solutions to socioeconomic
problems begin at the village level.
"The fundamental basis of
community is agriculture, tillage of
the soil," 'Abdu'l-Bahá said in 1912.
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
1. Source of Livelihood
2. the premier source of our
national income
3. Supply of Food and Fodder
4. Leads to marketable surplus
5. increases exportation
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
6. Source of Raw Material
7. Vast Employment Opportunities
8. Source of Saving
9. Source of Government Income
http://www.preservearticles.com/201107169225/what-is-the-importance-of-
agriculture-for-our-country.html
NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF
AGRICULTURE
Q1. How many million people in the
world suffering from hunger
based on the latest data?
a. 10 d. 800
b. 100 e. 925
c. 400
Q. How many million people in the world suffering from hunger
a. 10 B. 100 c. 400 d. 800
• 800 million people in the world - suffer from

hunger and malnutrition (2008 or 2009).
• Food prices - risen 83 percent in the last three
years alone (2007-09). The situation will push
as many as 100 million more people into hunger
• World food production - must increase 50
percent by 2030 to meet increasing demand
• Food stocks are at their lowest in 25 years.
Another source…..
925 million hungry people in 2010
http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/
Learn/world%20hunger%20facts
%202002.htm
Number of hungry people in the world
925 million hungry people in 2010

NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF
AGRICULTURE
Q1. How many million people in the
world suffering from hunger
based on the latest data?
a. 10 d. 800
b. 100 e. 925
c. 400
There are 7 billion people in the
world. Thus, with an estimated 925
million hungry people in the world,
13.1 %, or almost 1 in 7 people are
hungry.
Year Population
1000 275 million

1500 450 million
1650 500 million
1750 700 million
1850 1.2 billion
1900 1.6 billion
1950 2.55 billion
1955 2.8 billion
Year Population
1970 3.7 billion
1980 4.5 billion
1990 5.3 billion
1995 5.7 billion
Year Population
2006 6.5 billion
2011 7 billion
2025 8 billion
2043 9 billion
2083 10 billion
Q2. An individual in the
world dies in every a. 2
b. 3.6 c. 4.5 d. 5 minutes
because of starvation.
Q. An individual in the world dies in every a. 2
b. 3.6 c. 4.5 d. 5 minutes because of starvation.
•Every 3.6 seconds

someone dies of
starvation.
Malnutrition is a general term that
indicates a lack of some or all
nutritional elements necessary for
human health
The world current death rate
2011–L 1 out of 117 people died

R A 1.78 deaths / second
N E
E 107 deaths per minute
G
6,390 deaths per hour
153,000 deaths per day
56m per year
http://www.hebrew4christians.com/About_HFC/Death_Rate/death_rate.html
Every year 15 million children die
of hunger
About 183 million children weigh
less than they should for their age
One in twelve people worldwide is

malnourished, including 160
million children under the age of 5
Agriculture plays a great role on
different aspects of our lives.
It provides the foundation through

which people survive through the
provision of food to both humans
and their animals.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/6518652

http://ezinearticles.com/?Importance-of-
Agriculture&id=6518652
Without agriculture, chances of
survival would be minimal as both
people and livestock would die out
of starvation.

Through crop and livestock
production, we are able to get food
which is rich in nutrients needed
by our bodies. As a result of
agriculture, people are able to live
free from deficiency diseases.

Agriculture is also a source of
energy. When trees and other
plants are cut and used as
firewood. Biofuels are also the
latest discovery playing a great role
in providing us with an extra
source of energy.
http://ezinearticles.com/?Importance-of-Agriculture&id=6518652
That is the present issue:
Mindanao or Davao will use coal in

generating electricity.
Agriculture reduces poverty by
providing both a source of food
and employment.
http://ezinearticles.com/?Importance-of-Agriculture&id=6518652
BASED ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF
Agriculture, WHICH IS MORE
HEAVIER, TALKING OF OUR
NEGATIVE ECOSYSTEM POSITIVE
Agriculture contributes both to the
destruction and preservation of the
ecosystem. The extent of destruction is
influenced by the activities going on in
a particular ecosystem. As population
grows, more land and forests are now
being cleared to create space for
agricultural activities.
NEGATIVE
Agriculture
POSITIVE
It depends on the
activities going on in a
particular ecosystem
Q3.The early agriculture in the
Philippines was the
a. “kaingin system”
b. tillage operation using
wooden plow and harrow
c. both a and b
d. use of fishing boat
• Q4. Aside from kaingin, what was the
other way of early cultivation?
a. Use of machine
b. Use of combined manual and
machine
c. Use of wooden plow and harrow
drawn by carabao
d. All of them
The Pygmies or Negritos who came to
the Philippines from Central Asia
25000 years ago were not
agriculturist, food were produced
through hunting, fishing and gathering
wild fruits. “Kaingin” or “shifting
cultivation” was first practiced. The
second was tillage operation using
wooden plow and harrows drawn by
carabaos.
Q3.The early agriculture in the
Philippines was the
a. “kaingin system”
b. tillage operation using
wooden plow and harrow
c. both a and b
d. use of fishing boat
• Q4. Aside from kaingin, what was the
other way of early cultivation?
a. Use of machine
b. Use of combined manual and
machine
c. Use of wooden plow and harrow
drawn by carabao
d. All of them
• Q5. Another name for
Kaingin.
a. Shifting Cultivation
b. Slash And Plant
c. Indon-Like
d. All Of Them
• Q5. Another name for
Kaingin.
a. Shifting Cultivation
b. Slash And Plant
c. Indon-Like
d. All Of Them
• Q6. Principal author of the R. A 8435,
otherwise known as the Agricultural
and Fisheries Modernization Act
(AFMA) of 1998
a. Sen J. Estrada
b. Sen L. Estrada
c. Sen. P. Lacson
d. Sen. E. Angara
• Q6. Principal author of the R. A 8435,
otherwise known as the Agricultural
and Fisheries Modernization Act
(AFMA) of 1998
a. Sen J. Estrada
b. Sen L. Estrada
c. Sen. P. Lacson
d. Sen. E. Angara
• Q7. The Department of Agriculture and
Manufacturing was created through the
Presidential Proclamation on June 23, 1898,
this event was proclaimed __________.
a. after The Independence Day
b. after The Birth Of The Philippine Republic
c. during The Stewardship Of Pres. Emilio
Aguinaldo
d. all of the above
• Q7. The Department of Agriculture and
Manufacturing was created through the
Presidential Proclamation on June 23, 1898,
this event was proclaimed __________.
a. after The Independence Day
b. after The Birth Of The Philippine Republic
c. during The Stewardship Of Pres. Emilio
Aguinaldo
d. all of the above
• Q8.What year when the Dept. of
Agriculture and Commerce was
renamed Dept. of Agriculture and
Natural Resources ?
a. 1920
b. 1932
c. 1947
d. 1953
• Q8.What year when the Dept. of
Agriculture and Commerce was
renamed Dept. of Agriculture and
Natural Resources ?
a. 1920
b. 1932
c. 1947
d. 1953
• Q10.There are 7100 islands in
the Philippines with how
many dialects ?
a. 55
b. 88
c. 93
d. 98
Q9. The Philippines is
composed of many
dialects and islands with a
total land area of
• a. 15 b. 30 c. 45 d. 60
million ha.
–Philippines is a tropical
country.
–7100 islands
–88 dialects
–30 M ha land area
Q9. The Philippines is
composed of many
dialects and islands with a
total land area of
• a. 15 b. 30 c. 45 d. 60
million ha.
• Q11. Out of the total
land area of 30 M ha, a.
12.8 b. 14.2 c. 15.8 d.
16.2 ha is considered an
agricultural area.
The total area of the Philippines
has a total area of about 300,000
sq km (about 115,830 sq mi).
About 298,170 of the total area is
land area with the remaining 1,830
being the total water area. The
capital and largest city of the
Philippines is Manila.
Q. Out of the total area, a. 12.8 b. 14.2 c. 15.8
d. 16.2 ha is considered an agricultural area.
–1960-70 – no. 4 exporter of

logs
–Now – importing logs
–14.2 M ha –Agricultural area
–15.8 M ha Forest area
• Q11. Out of the total
area, a. 12.8 b. 14.2 c.
15.8 d. 16.2 ha is
considered an
agricultural area.
• Q12.The previous name of
National Food Authority was
a. NRCA
b. NRA
c. NGA
d. NCA
• Q12.The previous name of
National Food Authority was
a. NRCA
b. NRA
c. NGA
d. NCA
NGA -
National Grain Authority

• Q13. The Grain Production
Enhancement Program was one
of the 4 banner programs of
a. C. Aquino
b. F. Ramos
c. J. Estrada
d. R. Magsaysay
• Q13. The Grain Production
Enhancement Program was one
of the 4 banner programs of
a. C. Aquino
b. F. Ramos
c. J. Estrada
d. R. Magsaysay
• Q14. The first aboriginal people
of the Philippines were Negritos
who came from _________ .
a. Central Asia
b. North America
c. South America
d. Latin America
• Q14. The first aboriginal people
of the Philippines were Negritos
who came from _________ .
a. Central Asia
b. North America
c. South America
d. Latin America
• Q15. The population is increasing, the
solution will be to ________.
a. increase food production

b. manufacture sophisticated
equipment
c. improve plants through
biotechnology
d. all of the above
• Q15. The population is increasing, the
solution will be to ________.
a. increase food production

b. manufacture sophisticated
equipment
c. improve plants through
biotechnology
d. all of the above
• Q16. Filipino farmers are prone to
beliefs, one is _______.
a. Pamulat
b. Believed on incredible god
c. Believed on killing the rats will solve
crop production
d. Eclipse is bad omen in agricultural
venture
Solar Eclipse
• Q16. Filipino farmers are prone to
beliefs, one is _______.
a. Pamulat
b. Believed on incredible god
c. Believed on killing the rats will solve
crop production
d. Eclipse is bad omen in agricultural
venture
Q17. The Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act (AFMA of 8435)
a. checks the downtrend in the output
of agricultural sector
b. alleviate poverty
c. rational use of resources
d. all of them
What is the Agriculture
and Fisheries Modernization
Act?
What is the Agriculture and
Fisheries Modernization Act?
The Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997
(Republic Act 8435) was passed by the
Senate and the House of Representatives
on December 15, 1997 and December 16,
1997, respectively. It was signed into law
by then President Fidel V. Ramos on
December 22, 1997.
AFMA- Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act of 1998 (RA 8435)
Check the downtrend in the output

of the agricultural sector: 1970 - 5.8
%, 1980 – 2.1 %, 1990 – 1.4%
The program implementation was
delayed for two years (1999-2005)
• Principles:
1. Poverty alleviation and social equity,
2. Food security
3. Rational use of resources,
4. Global competiveness
5. Sustainable development
6. People empowerment,
7. Protection from air competition
• Budget: 1999 –
• appropriated 14.9 billion pesos and
released 11.6 B;
• 2000-01-
• appropriated 16.6 B pesos and released
11.4 B;
• 2002 – Released 14.4 B pesos.

Q17. The Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act (AFMA of 8435)
a. checks the downtrend in the output
of agricultural sector
b. alleviate poverty
c. rational use of resources
d. all of them
Q18. AFMA met the following after
evaluation
a. 50 % of irrigable is irrigated
b. good improvement in the living standard
of farmers
c. success in all the road construction from
farm to the market
d. none of them
• Evaluation:
1. Only 30% of irrigable land is irrigated.

2. No improvement in the living standard of
farmers and fisheries
3. Failure to provide market-oriented
assistance
4.Some road from farm to market are of
poor quality.
Q18. AFMA met the following after
evaluation
a. 50 % of irrigable is irrigated
b. good improvement in the living standard
of farmers
c. success in all the road construction from
farm to the market
d. none of them
Q. The General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade was signed in a.
1947 b. 1975 c. 1985 d. 2000
regulating trade of about 150
nations.
Q. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was
signed in a. 1947 b. 1975 c. 1985 d. 2000 regulating
trade of about 150 nations.
 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - was

signed in 1947
 It is a multilateral agreement regulating trade among
about 150 countries
 According to its preamble, the purpose of the GATT is
the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade
barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a
reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis."
Q. The General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was
signed in a. 1947 b. 1975 c. 1985
d. 2000 regulating trade of about
150 nations.
• Q19. The GATT is an organization which
conducted how many rounds of talks
addressing various trade issues and
solving international trade disputes?
a. 3
b. 5
c. 8
d. 12
The GATT as an
organization -conducted
eight rounds of talks
addressing various trade
issues and resolving
international trade
disputes.
• Q19. The GATT is an organization which
conducted how many rounds of talks
addressing various trade issues and
solving international trade disputes?
a. 3
b. 5
c. 8
d. 12
• Q20. When was the first
time the Philippines
exported rice ?
a. 1968
b. 1974
c. 1978
d. 1984
• Q20. When was the first
time the Philippines
exported rice ?
a. 1968
b. 1974
c. 1978
d. 1984
Q21. After seven years of
negotiations (ended on
Dec. 15, 1993), the GATT
resulted in a agreement
among a. 95 b. 107 c. 117
d. 147 nations.
The Uruguay Round, which was
completed on December 15, 1993
after seven years of negotiations,
resulted in an agreement among 117
countries (including the U.S.) to
reduce trade barriers and to create
more comprehensive and enforceable
world trade rules.
Q21. After seven years of
negotiations (ended on
Dec. 15, 1993), the GATT
resulted in a agreement
among a. 95 b. 107 c. 117
d. 147 nations.
Q22. The GATT also created the World
Trade Organization (WTO), which
came into being on
a. Jan 1, 1995
b. March 17, 2000
c. July 27, 2001
d. December 23 2002
• This agreement (GATT) also
created the World Trade
Organization (WTO), which
came into being on
January 1, 1995.
Q22. The GATT also created the World
Trade Organization (WTO), which
came into being on
a. Jan 1, 1995
b. March 17, 2000
c. July 27, 2001
d. December 23 2002
Q23. The Word Treaty Organization
(WTO)
a. implemented the agreement

b. launch the next round of trade
negotiation
c. enforced trade rules
d. all of them
• The WTO implements the
agreement
• The WTO provides a forum for
negotiating additional reductions
of trade barriers and for settling
policy disputes, and enforces
trade rules
Q23. The WTO
a. implemented the agreement

b. launch the next round of trade
negotiation
c. enforced trade rules
d. all of them
The World Trade Organization
(WTO) is the only international
organization dealing with the
global rules of trade between
nations. Its main function is to
ensure that trade flows as
smoothly, predictably and freely as
possible.
Trade Policy Review: Philippines
The fourth review of the trade

policies and practices of the
Philippines takes place on 20 and
22 March 2012. The basis for the
review is a report by the WTO
Secretariat and a report by the
Government of the Philippines
• Q24. What year marked the tenth
anniversary of the commercialization of
biotechnology crops
a. 2000
b. 2005
c. 2007
d. 2008
2005 marked the tenth anniversary of
the commercialization of biotechnology
crops. During this period, farmers
worldwide have recognized the
economic, agricultural and
environmental benefits of biotech crops
by increasing the global area planted to
biotechnology crops by 50 fold, with the
billionth acre of biotech crops planted in
2005. However, some are still negative
on this issue.
• Q24. What year marked the tenth
anniversary of the commercialization of
biotechnology crops
a. 2000
b. 2005
c. 2007
d. 2008
Biotechnology
Q25. The number one producer
of biotech crops in the world is
a. USA
b. Argentina
c. Brazil
d. Canada
• Leading producers of biotech crops in the world:
• United States, with approximately 123 million acres
currently under cultivation in 2005,
• Argentina, with 42 million acres;
• Brazil, with 23 million acres:
• Canada, with 14 million acres; and
• China, with 8 million acres.
• Other countries growing biotech crops include: India,
Iran, Philippines, Australia, South Africa, Paraguay,
Uruguay, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Czech Republic,
Romania, Portugal, Spain, France, and Germany.
Q25. The number one producer
of biotech crops in the world is
a. USA
b. Argentina
c. Brazil
d. Canada
Countries shaded in brown have high biotech crop value, accounting for 98
percent of global biotech crop value and planted areas in 2003-2004 based on
a study by Runge and Ryan (below). White and black dots are linked to select
global plant biotechnology research centers.
Other countries with a
significant level of commercial
biotech crop production include
South Africa, Mexico, Australia,
India, Romania, Spain, the
Philippines, and Uruguay (Runge
and Ryan, 2004).
http://mbbnet.umn.edu/scmap/biotechcropsmap.html
Q26. Biotech crops could be dangerous
due to:
a. no adequate testing
b. long term effects are unknown
c. a and b
d. no benefit can be derived
• It could be dangerous due to:
-No adequate testing

-Long term effects are unknown
Q26. Biotech crops could be dangerous
due to:
a. no adequate testing
b. long term effects are unknown
c. a and b
d. no benefit can be derived
No adequate
testing`
Soybean
corn
Cotton-ok
Cotton-ok
Why??????????
LONG TERM EFFECT ????
??
2013
CLIMATE
UNKNOWN ??????
CHANGED
LONG TERM EFFECT ????
UNKNOWN ??????
Medical Science:
Apr. 12, 2013 — A genetic analysis
of the avian flu virus responsible
for at least nine human deaths in
China portrays a virus evolving to
adapt to human cells, raising
concern about its potential to
spark a new global flu pandemic.
Kawaoka, a faculty member in the UW-
Madison School of Veterinary Medicine
who also holds a faculty appointment at
the University of Tokyo, explains that the
majority of the viruses in the study -- from
both humans and birds -- display
mutations in the surface protein
hemagglutinin, which the pathogen uses
to bind to host cells. Those mutations,
according to Kawaoka, allowed them to
easily infect human cells.
Compounds in Some Foods May
Cause DNA Damage
By BiotechDaily International staff
writers
Posted on 11 Apr 2013
http://www.biotechdaily.com/genomics_proteomics/ar
ticles/294745615/compounds_in_some_foods_may_ca
use_dna_damage.html
Vitamin D Supplementation Activates
Genes That Reduce Disease Risk
By BiotechDaily International staff
writers
Posted on 08 Apr 2013
Advanced gene scanning microarray technology
was used to identify a set of 291 genes linked to
160 biologic pathways that were activated by
increased levels of vitamin D
Vitamin D Supplementation Activates Genes That Reduce Disease Risk By BiotechDaily
International staff writers Posted on 08 Apr 2013
Biofuels Supplement (March 27, 2013 Issue)
Research and Development

• Fungal Pretreatment Improves Cellulosic Ethanol Yield
• Scientists Reveal Genetic Maps of Two Distinct Switchgrass
Ecotypes
• Biofuel Crops Get Hints from Peach Genome
• Engineers Use Biofuel Byproducts to Make Stronger, Greener
Concrete
• Confirmation of Genetic Diversity in Jatropha Germplasm
Production and Trade

• US Company Ships First Cellulosic Biodiesel
• Biotech Corn Boosts Bioethanol Productivity
Sowing the Seeds of Success: A
Decade of Biotech Corn Adoption
in the Philippines
This 10-minute video presents an
updated story of biotech corn in the
Philippines, a decade after its
commercialization. It complements the
first ISAAA video entitled "Asia's First:
The Bt Corn Story in the Philippines"
Video\Asia's First The Bt Corn Story in the
Philippines..FLV
Focus on food security
Most of the GMOs commercialized
so far in developing countries have
been acquired from developed
countries and focus on a limited
number of traits (mainly herbicide
tolerance and insect pest
resistance) and crops (commodities
such as cotton, soybean and
maize).
FAO assessment reveals that
several developing countries have
been conducting research on a
wider range of crops, such as
banana, cassava, cowpea,
plantain, rice and sorghum, and on
traits relevant for food security,
such as abiotic stress tolerance and
quality.
What are the
Crops - ????
For Other
Crops - ????
NOT YET
• Q27. Programs on agricultural
research include the following,
except:
a. Biotechnology
b. Crop research
c. Animal science research
d. Population studies
• Q27. Programs on agricultural
research include the following
except:
a. Biotechnology
b. Crop research
c. Animal science research
d. Population studies
• Q28. What bureau or agency responsible in
monitoring and evaluating the financial
status of researches conducted ?
a. Bureau of Agricultural Research
b. Regional Agricultural Research and
Development Council
c. Bureau of fisheries
d. Department of Agriculture
• Q28. What bureau or agency responsible in
monitoring and evaluating the financial
status of researches conducted ?
a. Bureau of Agricultural Research
b. Regional Agricultural Research and
Development Council
c. Bureau of fisheries
d. Department of Agriculture
• Q29. The constraints in crop
production are the following
except,
a. Natural calamities
b. Declining soil fertility
c. Unavailable technology
d. Limited capital
• Q29. The constraints in crop
production are the following
except,
a. Natural calamities
b. Declining soil fertility
c. Unavailable technology
d. Limited capital
• Q30. Pacific ocean is located
______ of the Philippines.
a. East
b. West
c. North
d. South
N
C:\Users\Public\Desktop\Google Earth.lnk
• Q30. Pacific ocean is located
______ of the Philippines.
a. East
b. West
c. North
d. South
• Q31. The following are types of
agricultural system, except:
a. Shifting cultivation
b. Fallow system
c. Ley system
d. Multi-storey-irrigated system
REVIEW
• Agriculture – is the art and science of
raising plants and animals that has
economic benefit to man.
• System – is a concept devised for a
certain goal or specific objectives
• Agricultural Systems – complex with
several components interact with each
other in several undertakings or various
works.
REVIEW
Classification of agricultural system:
Collecting - such as hunting and

fishing. Harvesting uncultivated
crops is also included.
REVIEW
Cultivation - More important than

collecting, includes the classification
based on a. type of rotation, b. intensity of
rotation, c. water supply (irrigated or
rainfed), d. cropping pattern and animal
activities, e. implements used for
cultivation and f. degree of
commercialization
REVIEW
Grassland utilization – a. Total nomadism (

no regular cultivation, families always
move from one grazing area to the other
with the herds) b. Stationary animal
husbandry ( no movement from one place
to another distance area) c. Other system
(semi-nomadism, partial nomadism)
REVIEW

Total nomadism ( no regular cultivation, families always move from one
grazing area to the other with the herds)
REVIEW

Stationary animal husbandry ( no movement from one
place to another distance area)
No
movement
No
movement
REVIEW

Semi-
nomadism
ANS.
Types of Agricultural system
 Shifting cultivation system – shifting of fields within
the large area of wild vegetation.
 Fallow system – characterized by defined holdings
with largely permanent field divisions.
 Ley systems – ‘ley’ means several years of arable
cropping followed by several years of grass and
legumes utilized for animal production.
 Irrigation farming – cropping system focused in rice
production, however other agricultural crops can be
supplied with water to reduce the length and
frequency of soil moisture stress.
 Agroforestry systems – system of farming integrating
forest trees and agronomic plants.
 Multi-storey cropping systems – planting of different
crops in a certain area.
ANS.
Shifting cultivation system –

shifting of fields within the large
area of wild vegetation.
ANS.
Fallow system – characterized by

defined holdings with largely
permanent field divisions.
ANS.
Irrigation farming – cropping system

focused in rice production, however
other agricultural crops can be
supplied with water to reduce the
length and frequency of soil moisture
stress.
This picture are being irrigated using the
"drip irrigation" method, which is the most
common type of "microirrigation."
ANS.
Agroforestry systems – system

of farming integrating forest
trees and agronomic plants.
ANS.
Multi-storey cropping systems

– planting of different crops in
a certain area.
• Going back:
b. Fallow system
c. Ley system
b. Fallow system
c. Ley system
• Q32.Extensive livestock system
characterized by permanent
migration of herds .
a. Total Nomadism
b. Ranching
c. Stationary animal Husbandry
d. All of the above
• Q32.Extensive livestock system
characterized by permanent
migration of herds .
a. Total Nomadism
b. Ranching
c. Stationary animal Husbandry
d. All of the above
• Q33.The atmosphere is composed
of ______ oxygen, product of
photosynthesis and essential
element for life on earth.
a. 0.5%
b. 12%
c. 21%
d. 28%
Dry air contains roughly (by
volume) 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95%
oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.039%
carbon dioxide, and small amounts
of other gases.
• Q33.The atmosphere is composed
of ______ oxygen, product of
photosynthesis and essential
element for life on earth.
a. 0.5%
b. 12%
c. 21%
d. 28%
Q34. Which is not correct?
• A. Sunlight is the primary source of

energy for mankind
• b. Photosynthesis is the basis of crop
production
• c. Agriculture supplied for mankind
• d. Not all food are product of
photosynthesis
• REVIEW
• Agriculture is believed to be
the first science in history. Early
civilization was built due to
agriculture. Activities were
looking for food, clothing, and
shelter.
REVIEW
Agriculture is a science that fix solar energy to
make it storable and usable elsewhere and at
a later date.
• Sunlight conversion occurs in green plants
called photosynthesis
• Sunlight is the source of all primary energy for
mankind.
• Photosynthesis is a basis of crop production.
• Agriculture supplies food for mankind.
• All food are product of photosynthesis. No
shortcut to food production without
photosynthesis.
• Seven scenarios to justify the points:
• Crops (rice, corn, cassava, etc) directly supply food to
mankind. Animals supply milk, meat and eggs
indirectly to man through photosynthesis of forage and
grain crops.
• Microorganisms (phytoplankton) in the sea, convert
sunlight through photosynthesis. These organisms
serve as food for single-celled organisms, which in turn
serve as food source of larger organisms. At the top of
the food chain is man.
• Synthetic foods are substitute foods that undergone
processing, all of these are products of photosynthesis.
• Fossil fuels are products of photosynthesis
formed millions years ago.
• Clothing and shelter are provided to mankind
through photosynthesis.
• The air/oxygen we breath is a direct product
of photosynthesis. Twenty-one (21%) of air in
the atmosphere is oxygen.
• Active photosynthesizing plants transpire
water into atmosphere.
Going back to question
34

energy for mankind
production
photosynthesis

energy for mankind
production
photosynthesis √
• Q35. Agriculture is categorized
into :
a. plant science
b. animal science
c. social science
d. all of them
The field of agriculture can be categorized into
three:
Plant science – this is broken down
into agronomy, horticulture,
entomology, plant breeding, plant
pathology, soil science, etc.
Horticulture is divided into different
specialization: Pomology – study of
fruits; Olericulture – vegetable
gardening; Ornamentals and
landscaping
three:
Animal science- this includes
animal breeding, animal genetics,
animal nutrition, animal
production and management.
three:
Social science – this is a study of

human beings and its society and
how people react with each other,
Includes agricultural education,
agricultural extension, rural sociology
and agribusiness.
• Q35. Agriculture is categorized
into :
a. plant science
b. animal science
c. social science
d. all of them
• Q36.The center of origin of
rice (O. sativa ) is
a. Philippines
b. Africa
c. Mexico
d. India
The earliest remains of
cultivated rice in India have
been found in the north and
west and date from around
2000 BC.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice
Oryza sativa: a common Asian rice
found in most producing countries
which originated in the Far East at
the foot of the Himalayas. O. sativa
japonica grew on the Chinese side
of the mountains and O. sativa
indica on the Indian side
• Q36.The center of origin of
rice (O. sativa ) is
a. Philippines
b. Africa
c. Mexico
d. India
New Rice varieties
Rice
Irrigated Lowland Varieties
PSB Rc72H (Mestiso 1,5.4,9.9t/ha,123d,97cm,1997,IRRI)
PSB Rc76H(Panay, 7.9t/ha,106d,102cm,1998,Monsanto)
NSICRc166H(Mestiso10,6.5,10.6t/ha,110d,107cm,’07,Syngenta
NSICRc204H(Mestiso20,11.7t/ha,111d,112cm,’09,PhilRiceUPLB
NSIC Rc110H (Mestiso23,10.8t/ha,113d,116cm,2009,Pioneer)

Rice
Irrigated Lowland Varieties
NSIC Rc122
(Angelica,5t/ha,121d,106cm,2003,IRRI)
NSIC Rc128 (Mabango 1,
6.2,118d,99cm,2004,PhilRice )
PSB Rc82 (Penaranda, Blast
res.,12t/ha,100d,2000,IRRI)
PSB Rc64 (Kabacan,8.9t/ha,124d,1997,IRRI)
IR73885-1-4-3-2-1-6 (Matatag 9 ,Tungro res.,MR
Stemborer,IRRI)
PSB Rc34(Burdagol, 10.3 t,124d,101cm,1995,
What??Upland
Commodity’s
varieties ??? using
mountain’s names???
RICE
Rice
Upland Rice Varieties
• PSB Rc7 (Banahaw,2.9,4t/ha,121 d,119cm,2001,PhilRice)
• NSICRc11 (Canlaon,2.6,4.9t/ha,125d,104cm,2001,PhilRice)
• PSB Rc5 ( Arayat,2.9,4.2t/ha,122d,104cm,1997, IRRI)
• PSB Rc1 (Makiling,2.4,3.9t/ha,121,104,1990,IRRI)
• NSIC Rc9 (Apo, 2.9,5.5t/ha,119d,95cm,2001,IRRI)

PROVINCE PRODUCING RICE ????
NUEVA ECIJA
• Q37.Hydrophytes are
a. sun loving plants

b. shade loving plants
c. day-neutral plants
d. water loving plants
• Q37.Hydrophytes are

• Q38.Plants like corn and
sugarcane are considered
________ plants.
a. C3
b. C4
c. CAM
d. mesophytes
• Q38.Plants like corn and
sugarcane are considered
________ plants.
a. C3
b. C4
c. CAM
d. mesophytes
Q.39 Halophytes plants LIKE
_______????
a. arid regions
b. very wet regions
c. moderate water supply
d. high salt
Q.39Halophytes plants like ____.
a. arid regions
b. very wet regions
c. moderate water supply
d. high salt
• Q40.It is generally more rain at
a. Mountainous areas
b. Near the ocean
c. Flat areas
d. Lowland areas
• Q40.It is generally more rain at
a. Mountainous areas
b. Near the ocean
c. Flat areas
d. Lowland areas
Q41. Sciophytes are
also called
Q41. Sciophytes are
also called
b. shade loving
plants
• Q41.Scientific of bitter gourd
a. Momordica charantia
b. Citrullus lunatus
c. Cucumis sativus
d. Cucurbita muschata
• Q41.Scientific of bitter gourd
a. Momordica charantia
b. Citrullus lunatus
c. Cucumis sativus
d. Cucurbita muschata
• Q42.Plants that live on live trees and
dead trunk but do not depend on
them for water and nutrients.
a. epiphytes
b. halophytes
c. xerophytes
d. bryophytes
The answer describes a plant which, like a
parasite, grows on a host, but unlike a
parasite, takes no nutrients from the tree
itself and relies on nutrients from the air,
falling rain, and the compost that lies on tree
branches.
• Q42.Plants that live on live trees and
dead trunk but do not depend on
them for water and nutrients.
a. epiphytes
b. halophytes
c. xerophytes
d. bryophytes
• Q43.The top 2 crops of the Philippines are
rice and corn, the next three are
a. coconut, coffee and sugarcane

b. coconut, wheat and banana
c. coconut, sugarcane and banana
d. coconut, coffee and, banana
• Q43.The top 2 crops of the Philippines are
rice and corn, the next three are
a. coconut, coffee and sugarcane

b. coconut, wheat and banana
c. coconut, sugarcane and banana
d. coconut, coffee and, banana
• Q44.The statement “ comparative
advantage in agriculture” means
a. higher of export products

B. higher yield of rice and con
c. higher efficiency in resources use in
agriculture
d. higher land area devoted to agriculture
• Q44.The statement “ comparative
advantage in agriculture” means
a. higher of export products

B. higher yield of rice and con
c. higher efficiency in resources use in
agriculture
d. higher land area devoted to agriculture
• Q45.The early civilization in Asia
have established a diet basically
consisting of
a. corn and peanut
b. sorghum and beans
c. rice and beans
d. wheat and barley
A VARIETY KNOWN AS MACAPUNO
BUT NOT A COCONUT??
IMPROVED MACAPUNO CORN
‘Improved Macapuno’ is a glutinous open-pollinated

corn variety that is suitable for boiling and other
native delicacies. It has pronounced cone-shaped
ear and filled with grain up to the tip and the kernels
are less sticky when boiled. This variety has a
marketable ear yield of 40 tons/ha and can be
harvested in 70 days. Silks emerge in 44 days,
hence can be harvested early. It is a good cash
crop
TIWALA VARIETY???
TIWALA 10 SOYBEAN
‘Tiwala 10’ is a pureline selection derived from

the cross between IPB Sy 139-11 and B3038. It
is recommended for planting in Southern
Mindanao. The average grain yield ranged from
2.1-2.3 tons/ha during the 1993-96 NCT trials. It
matures in 91-98 days. The seed is yellow and
small at 0.13 g. Soymilk from this variety has
characteristics similar to ‘Manchuria’ and ‘Tiwala
6’ with its protein content similar to ‘Tiwala 6.’
• Q46. Our region, the
Indochinese-Indonesian region,
is believed to be the center of
what crop?
a. corn
b. garlic
c. potato
d. coconut
• Q46. Our region, the
Indochinese-Indonesian region,
is believed to be the center of
what crop?
a. corn
b. garlic
c. potato
d. coconut
• Q47.The appearance of a plant with
respect to a particular character.
• A. Phenotype
• B. Genotype
• C. Ideotype
• D. Prototype
• Q47.The appearance of a plant with
respect to a particular character.
• A. Phenotype
• B. Genotype
• C. Ideotype
• D. Prototype
• Q49.Which is not under the family
Leguminaceae?
a.Phaseolus lunatus
b.Vigna anguiculata
c.Lagenaria siceraria
d.Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus lunatus is a legume. It
is grown for its seed, which is eaten
as a vegetable. It is commonly
known as the lima bean or butter
bean
Vigna
unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis,
the yardlong bean, is also known as
bora, the long-podded cowpea,
asparagus bean, snake bean, or Chinese
long bean.
Lagenaria siceraria or Lagenaria vulgaris,
the calabash, bottle gourd,opo squash or long
melon (not to be confused with the calabaza) is
a vinegrown for its fruit, which can either be
harvested young and used as avegetable, or
harvested mature, dried, and used as a bottle, utensil,
or pipe. For this reason, the calabash is widely known
as the bottle gourd.
Phaseolus vulgaris, the common bean, is

an herbaceous annual plantdomesticated
independently in ancient Mesoamerica and
the Andes, and now grown worldwide for its
edible bean, popular both dry and as a green
bean.
• Q49.Which is not under the family
Leguminaceae?
a.Phaseolus lunatus
b.Vigna anguiculata
c.Lagenaria siceraria
d.Phaseolus vulgaris
• Q50.A system of cropping in which as
many crops are grown as possible on the
same land area within a year.
a.Monocropping
b.Multiple cropping
c.Integrated farming
d.Sustainable farming
• Q50.A system of cropping in which as
many crops are grown as possible on the
same land area within a year.
a.Monocropping
b.Multiple cropping
c.Integrated farming
d.Sustainable farming
• Q51. Assuming dry air and a sea-
level air temperature of 30ºC, the
temperature on top of a
1000-meter-high mountain is
a.14ºC
b.24ºC
c.34ºC
d.44ºC
• 1000 m
• sea level - 30ºC

•
• 1000/100 (0.6) = 6
•
• 30 - 6 = 24ºC
• 100m = (- 0.6˚C) (+0.6˚C)
• Q51. Assuming dry air and a sea-
level air temperature of 30ºC, the
temperature on top of a
1000-meter-high mountain is
a.14ºC
b.24ºC
c.34ºC
d.44ºC
• Q52. Application of system
approach concept in practice is
based on a:
A. holistic approach
B. specific approach
C. scientific approach
D. commodity approach
• Example:
• Mango:
• Plant propagation, cultural
practices, pest and diseases,
postharvest and marketing
problems are given solutions.
• Q52. Application of system
approach concept in practice is
based on a:
A. holistic approach
B. specific approach
C. scientific approach
D. commodity approach
For …. Specific approach
• 1. plant propagation
• 2. Flowering induction
Scientific approach
1.Use of grafting method
2.Use of calcium carbide
• Q53. In crop rotation, the most
critical factor to consider is:
A. proper combination of crops
B. right sequencing of growing of crops
C. proper intercropping of crops
D. proper mixing of crops
• Q53. In crop rotation, the most
critical factor to consider is:
A. proper combination of crops
B. right sequencing of growing of crops
C. proper intercropping of crops
D. proper mixing of crops
Q55. Many plants with
tropical origin fix carbon,
sugarcane is a
a.C4 pathway
b.C3 pathway
c.CAM pathway
d.Calvin cycle
Sugarcane refers to any of 6 to 37
species (depending on which
taxonomic system is used) of tall
perennial grasses of the genus
Saccharum (family Poaceae, tribe
Andropogoneae). Native to warm
temperate to tropical regions of
Asia,
In the Western Hemisphere, tropical
countries include Mexico, all of Central
America, all of the Caribbean islands from
just south of Nassau in the Bahamas, and
the top half of South America, including
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname,
French Guiana, as well as the northern
portions of Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, and
Brazil.
Corn may be a direct
domestication of a Mexican annual
teosinte, Zea mays ssp.
parviglumis, native to the Balsas
River valley in south-eastern
Mexico, with up to 12% of its
genetic material obtained from Zea
mays ssp. mexicana through
introgression.
Sorghum are cultivated in warmer
climates worldwide. Species are
native to tropical and subtropical
regions of all continents in addition
to the South West.
Q55. Many plants with
tropical origin fix carbon,
sugarcane is a
a.C4 pathway
b.C3 pathway
c.CAM pathway
d.Calvin cycle
INCLUDING CORN AND SORGHUM
Q56. The intercropping of cabbages
and tomatoes is commonly adopted
in vegetable growing areas because
a.Allelopathy
b.Reduced incidence of diamond-back
moth
c.Reduced incidence of diseases
d.Reduced cost of fertilizer
Q56. The intercropping of cabbages
and tomatos is commonly adopted in
vegetable growing areas because
a.Allelopathy
b.Reduced incidence of diamond-back
moth
c.Reduced incidence of diseases
d.Reduced cost of fertilizer
• Q57. The word cereal is derived from the
name of the most important deity.
• A. the roman Goddess Venus

• B. the roman Goddess Ceres
• C. the roman Goddess Soul
• D. the xeres God of Israel
• Q57. The word cereal is derived from the
name of the most important deity.
• A. the roman Goddess Venus

• B. the roman Goddess Ceres
• C. the roman Goddess Soul
• D. the xeres God of Israel
cereal
1832, "grass yielding edible grain,"
originally an adj. (1818), from Fr.
céréale, from L. Cerealis "of grain,"
originally "of Ceres," from Ceres,
Roman goddess of agriculture,
from PIE base *ker-, *kre- "to
grow."
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cereal
• Q58.The synonym of leguminaseae
• A. Fabaceae
• B. Monocotyledonae
• C. Convulvolaceae
• D. Pedaliaceae
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Vigna
Species: V. radiata
Binomial name Vigna radiata
• Q58.The synonym of leguminaseae
• A. Fabaceae
• B. Monocotyledonae
• C. Convulvolaceae
• D. Pedaliaceae
• Q59. which does not belong to the
group?
• A. centro
• B. siratro
• C. stylo
• D. paragrass
• Q59. which does not belong to the
group?
• A. centro
• B. siratro
• C. stylo
• D. paragrass
• Q60. which of the crops does not
fall under the family solanaceae?
• A. L. esculentum
• B. C. annum
C. S. melongena
• D. P. lunatus
Phaseolus lunatus is a legume. It is
grown for its seed, which is eaten
as a vegetable. It is commonly
known as the lima bean or butter
bean
The common tomato, Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill., belongs to an
extremely diverse and large family
the Solanaceae.
Pepper
Family:Solanaceae
Genus:Capsicum
Species:C. annuum
The eggplant, aubergine, melongene,
brinjal, or guinea squash(Solanum
melongena) is a plant of the
family Solanaceae (also known as the
nightshades) and genus Solanum.
• Q60. which of the crops does not
fall under the family solanaceae?
• A. L. esculentum
• B. C. annum
C. S. melongena
• D. P. lunatus
Lima beans
• Q61. The scientific name of durian.
• A. Durio zibethinus
• B. Durio discolor
• C. Durio altilis
• D. Durio bilimbi
Among the thirty known species of
Durio, nine of them have been
identified as producing edible
fruits: D. zibethinus, D. dulcis, D.
grandiflorus, D. graveolens, D.
kutejensis, D. lowianus, D.
macrantha, D. oxleyanus and D.
testudinarum.[5]
• Q61. The scientific name of durian.
• C. Durio altilis
• D. Durio bilimbi
• Q62. The scientific name of
Lanzones.
• C. Artocarpos altilis
• D. Lansium domesticum
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae
Genus: Lansium
Species: L. domesticum
Lanzones
in the
Philippines
Lanzones.
Mangosteen.
• A. Garcina mangostana
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Clusiaceae
Genus: Garcinia
Species: G. mangostana
Mangosteen.
• A. Garcina mangostana
• Q64. Bt corn is a variety of corn where
Bt gene has been inserted and makes
corn resistant to
• A. Asiatic corn borer

• B. Potato beetle
• C. cotton bollworm
• D. tobacco budworm
Bt corn is a genetically modified
organism (GMO) which has been
bioengineered to resist the
European corn borer, a crop pest
which can cause significant
damage to crops.
Asiatic corn borere-Ostrinia
furnacalis
(Egg masses; Trichogramma

papilionis)
Resistance in the European corn
borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner),
(to a commercial formulation of

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner
toxin, Dipel ES, appears to be
inherited as an incompletely
dominant autosomal gene. )
This corn takes advantage of a
toxin produced by the Bacillus
thuringiensis bacterium. The toxin,
known as Bt, ruptures the
intestines of the corn borer and
related organisms when it is
ingested. The pests typically die
within two to three days of
ingesting the toxin.
• Q64. Bt corn is a variety of corn where
Bt gene has been inserted and makes
corn resistant to
• A. Asiatic corn borer

• B. Potato beetle
• C. cotton bollworm
• D. tobacco budworm
What plant is being
registered as insecticides?
D:\My Videos\Corn\3. GMO kills
10,000 sheep.flv
Future of Food - Monsanto's BT
Corn is registered as Insecticide.flv
• Q65. The plant part to be cultured in vitro
is known as
• A. ovule plant
• B. endosperm culture
• C. seed culture
• D. embryo culture
• Q65. The plant part to be cultured in vitro
is known as
• A. ovule plant
• B. endosperm culture
• C. seed culture
• D. embryo culture
• Q67. Term describing plant seeds that
could be kept viable for longer periods
provided proper drying and storing is done
• A. recalcitrant
• B. orthodox
• Foundation
• registered
• Q67. Term describing plant seeds that
could be kept viable for longer periods
provided proper drying and storing is done
• A. recalcitrant
• B. orthodox
• Foundation
• registered
How about recalcitrant seeds???
recalcitrant seeds:
Are sensitive to
desiccation or
drying.
• Q68. Example of recalcitrant seeds
• A. durian
• B. corn
• C. mungbean
• D. rice
• Q68. Example of recalcitrant seeds
• A. durian
• B. corn
• C. mungbean
• D. rice
• Q69. Example of biennial plant
• A. tomato
• B. eggplant
C. pechay
• D. corn
• Q69. Example of biennial plant
• A. tomato
• B. eggplant
C. pechay
• D. corn
• Q70. An example of monoecious
plant
• A. corn
• B. tomato
• C. beans
• D. eggplant
• Q70. An example of monoecious
plant
• A. corn
• B. tomato
• C. beans
• D. eggplant
Which of these crops is classified
as agronomic and horticultural
crops based on their uses under
the Philippine condition? A. rice b.
mungbean c. sorghum d. peanut
Which of these crops is classified
as agronomic and horticultural
crops based on their uses under
the Philippine condition? A. rice b.
mungbean c. sorghum d. peanut
71. Scientific name of watermelon.
A. C. lunatus
b. S. edule
c. C. sativus
d. C. maxima
Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Genus: Citrullus
Species: C. lanatus
Scientific name of watermelon.
A. C. lunatus
b. S. edule
c. C. sativus
d. C. maxima
72. Scientific name of pechay.
A. B. cheninsis
b. Brassica rapa
c. B. pekeninsis
d. C. maxima
Species Brassica rapa
Cultivar group
(Subspecies)-
Chinensis, Pekinensis
groups
Origin China, before the

15th Century
Pechay (Brassica rapa L. cv group Pak
Choi) is an erect, biennial herb,
cultivated as an annual about 15-30 cm
tall in vegetative stage. Ovate leaves
are arranged spirally and spreading.
The petioles are enlarged and grow
upright forming a subcylindrical bundle.
Inflorescence is a raceme with pale
yellow flowers. Seeds are 1 mm in
diameter and are reddish to blackish
brown in color.
Scientific name of pechay.
A. B. cheninsis
b. Brassica rapa
c. B. pekeninsis
d. C. maxima
73. Origin of Pechay.
A.
B.
c.
d.
Origin of Pechay.
A.
B.
n a
c.
h i
d. C
Ears of wheat
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily:
Pooideae
Tribe: Triticeae
Genus: Triticum
Species: T.
aestivum
74. Scientific name of wheat.
A Triticum aestivum
b. O. sativa
c. Zea mays
d. Saccharum officinarum
Scientific name of wheat.
A Triticum aestivum
b. O. sativa
c. Zea mays
d. Saccharum officinarum
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily:
Panicoideae
Tribe:
Andropogoneae
Genus:
Saccharum
L.
Scientific name: Saccharum
Rank: Genus
Higher classification: Andropogoneae
Lower classifications: Saccharum
spontaneum, Saccharum
arundinaceum, Saccharum barberi,
Saccharum edule
========
officinalis
75. Mango,our national fruit, is
classified in what group under
freshy fruit?
A.Pome
b. Drupe
c. Berry
d.Samaras
A. Fleshy Fruits
Berry
• Pepo – is a berry with a thick
exocarp or rind.
Example: cantaloupe, watermelon,

pumpkin, cucumber.
• Hesperidium – a berry with a

leathery skin
containing oil.
Example: pomelo, orange grapefruit.

A. Fleshy Fruits
Pome – fleshy fruit
composed of the mature
ovary along with other
flower parts.
Example: apples, pears.

Drupe?
Berry?
or
Pome?
Mango,our national fruit, is
classified in what group under
freshy fruit?
A.Pome
b. Drupe
c. Berry
d.Samaras
In botany, a drupe is a fruit in
which an outer fleshy part
(exocarp, or skin; and mesocarp, or
flesh) surrounds a shell
(the pit, stone, or pyrene) of
hardened endocarp with
a seed (kernel) inside.
Plants with tap root system in
which the main root penetrate
down the soil surface to see water
and nutrients, this explain the
characteristic of a. ferns b.
monocots c. mosses d. dicots
Plants with tap root system in
which the main root penetrate
down the soil surface to see water
and nutrients, this explain the
characteristic of a. ferns b.
monocots c. mosses d. dicots
What is natural farming????
Natural Farming is a
sustainable farming. Natural
Farming makes all inputs
from natural materials,
observes the law of the
Nature and respects the
rights of crops and livestock.
Natural Farming heals the soil
slashed by chemicals, herbicide
and machines. Where Natural
Farming is practiced, the soil
and water become clean and
ecology is recovered. It is even
being used as a tool to fight
desertification.
Natural Farming
respects life.
Environment-friendly
Crops and livestock reared
by Natural Farming are very
healthy. They have almost
no disease and show
especially strong resistance
to climatic fluctuation.
A Free Range Chicken Flock
Natural Farming products have
high quality, good taste and better
yield. People commonly think that
by converting to organic farming
you will have smaller yields, lower
quality and smaller-sized fruits. In
Natural Farming it is the opposite.
We do not go back to the past; we
take a leap into the future.
Natural Farming products have
much higher nutritional contents.
Protein, amino acid, crude fat and
other essential nutrient were
identified to be as much as 300
percent higher than ordinary
products. Chemical residue such as
nitrate is almost undetectable
What are the methods of
Natural Farming ???
1. No Pesticide
2. No Herbicide
3. No Tillage
Natural Farming does not till the
land. Instead of using machines,
we use earthworms,
microorganisms and small animals.
Machine can plow 20 centimeters
at best, whereas earthworms will
dig 7 meters. The excretions of the
earthworms turn into the best soil.
4. No Chemical Fertilizer
Natural Farming does not use
chemical fertilizer. Nor does it
follow the common practice of
applying over half of the fertilizer
as base manure. Crops will become
weak if given too much food at
early stage.
5. No Pollution
Natural Farming animal houses do not
emit any wastewater. There is no need
to install an expensive treatment
machine. All the treatment is done
right on the floor itself. As soon as
feces fall on the floor, it is quickly
decomposed by the powerful
microorganisms. Floor is not made
from concrete, it is touching the soil; it
is alive. Rice straw, sawdust, fresh soil
are used for flooring.
6. No Artificial Heating
Natural Farming animal houses do

not provide any artificial heating.
Rather than consuming fossil fuel or
electricity we think it is wiser to
develop the animal’s natural
resistance against cold.
7. Farming inputs are made by
farmers
One of the most important aspects of
Natural Farming is that the farmers make
what they need. Fertilizers, soil improvers,
pest controllers, disease cure are all made
by the farmers themselves using only
natural materials based on the Nutritive
Cycle theory.
Our important inputs include
Indigenous Microorganism (IMO),
Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ), Oriental
Herbal Nutrient (OHN), Lactic Acid
Bacteria (LAB), Fish Amino Acid (LAB),
Water-soluble Calcium (WCA), Water-
soluble Calcium Phosphate (WCP), and
Insect Attractant (IA). All produced at
home easily and cheaply.
Natural Inputs:
Indigenous Microorganism (IMO
Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ)
Fermented plant juice is

made by fermenting plant
parts in brown sugar.
Sprouts and baby fruits
with high hormone
concentration, full grown
fruits, flower abundant in
honey, and any plant with
strong vigor are good
ingredients.
Oriental Herbal Nutrient (OHN)
Oriental
herbal
nutrient is
made from
herbs valued
in oriental
medicine
Lactic acid
bacteria is exactly
same as yoghurt.
Other inputs
include fish amino acid, water-

soluble calcium from eggshells,
water-soluble phosphoric calcium
from animal bones and seawater.
8. Natural Feed made by Farmers
Natural Farming animals do not only
eat commercial feed from the market.
They eat natural food prepared by
farmers with love and affection. Chicks
are given with whole brown rice grains
and bamboo leaves immediately after
hatching. Tough food develops their
intestines. Animals reared with Natural
Farming are healthy, strong and have
no disease.
We do not give antibiotics,
hormones, colorants or other
chemicals to our animals. We give
them what nature has given them
to eat. We use grass, rice husk, rice
bran, left-over food, sawdust and
even soil for feed. They go through
our special treatment and
assorting.
9. Nutritive Cycle Theory
It is a theory that enables us to read

the changing growth stages of a plant
or animal. We apply fertilizer, feed, or
prescription precisely according to this
cycle. Natural Farming is a very
elaborate, complicated and precise
method that denies “spray-and-forget”
kind of approach.
Just like humans, crops and
livestock also need nitrogen when
young, phosphoric acid during
adolescence and calcium after
maturity. Also the amount of food
they need to take in will constantly
change, just as a baby cannot eat a
grown-up’s dish.
Natural Farming
emphasizes the right use
of the right material, at
the right stage, in the
right quantity.
(Information on Natural Farming)
Thanks to: Cho Han Ky
http://www.thainaturalfarming.co
m/index.php?
lay=show&ac=article&Id=38076
Biological control of pests in
agriculture is a method of controlling
pests (including insects, mites, weeds
and plant diseases) that relies on
predation, parasitism, herbivory, or
other natural mechanisms. It can be an
important component of integrated
pest management (IPM) programs.
The End
of
Unit 1

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NATURE AND

When our nomadic ancestors

a. 10 B. 100 c. 400 d. 800

• 800 million people in the world - suffer from

925 million hungry people in 2010

925 million hungry people in 2010

1000 275 million

•Every 3.6 seconds

2011–L 1 out of 117 people died

One in twelve people worldwide is

It provides the foundation through

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/6518652

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Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/6518652

Mindanao or Davao will use coal in

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/6518652

–1960-70 – no. 4 exporter of

National Grain Authority

a. increase food production

a. increase food production

Check the downtrend in the output

• 2002 – Released 14.4 B pesos.

1. Only 30% of irrigable land is irrigated.

 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - was

a. implemented the agreement

a. implemented the agreement

The fourth review of the trade

-No adequate testing

Research and Development

Production and Trade

Collecting - such as hunting and

Cultivation - More important than

Grassland utilization – a. Total nomadism (

Grassland utilization – a. Total nomadism (

Grassland utilization – a. Total nomadism (

Grassland utilization – a. Total nomadism (

Shifting cultivation system –

Fallow system – characterized by

Irrigation farming – cropping system

Agroforestry systems – system

Multi-storey cropping systems

• A. Sunlight is the primary source of

• A. Sunlight is the primary source of

• A. Sunlight is the primary source of

Social science – this is a study of

PSB Rc72H (Mestiso 1,5.4,9.9t/ha,123d,97cm,1997,IRRI)

PSB Rc76H(Panay, 7.9t/ha,106d,102cm,1998,Monsanto)

NSIC Rc110H (Mestiso23,10.8t/ha,113d,116cm,2009,Pioneer)

• PSB Rc7 (Banahaw,2.9,4t/ha,121 d,119cm,2001,PhilRice)

• PSB Rc5 ( Arayat,2.9,4.2t/ha,122d,104cm,1997, IRRI)

• PSB Rc1 (Makiling,2.4,3.9t/ha,121,104,1990,IRRI)

• NSIC Rc9 (Apo, 2.9,5.5t/ha,119d,95cm,2001,IRRI)

a. sun loving plants

a. sun loving plants

a. coconut, coffee and sugarcane

a. coconut, coffee and sugarcane

a. higher of export products

a. higher of export products