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006 Knowledge Reprensation 2
006 Knowledge Reprensation 2
Knowledge Representation 2
Topic & Structure of The Lesson
• Proposition logic
• Predicate Logic
• propositions
• disjunction
• conjunction
• negation
• implication
• truth tables
AAPP002-4-2 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Knowledge Representation 2 Slide 4 of 28
Predicate Logic @ Predicate Calculus
Propositional
Logic English
Predicate
Calculus @
First Order Logic
Prolog
• Includes
– Syntax—symbols of the language and how the
symbols can be combined
– Semantics—rules for interpreting symbols and
sentences in the language
1) Negation (NOT): ~
2) Disjunction (OR):
3) Conjunction (AND):
4) Implication (IF…THEN…):
a ~a a b ab
T F T T T
F T T F T
F T T
F F F
a b ab
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
a b ab
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
AAPP002-4-2 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Knowledge Representation 2 Slide 114 of 28
Derived Sentences
• ~~ ~
• ~
1. p q
2. p qp
3. ~(p qq r
4. (p qp q) p qp q
• Universals :
– x P(x) means For every x where x is P
• Existentials :
– x P(x) means There exists x where x is P
Question:
Let P(x) = “x > 0 where x is the set of positive
numbers ”.
What are the truth values of P(4) and P(20) ?
Solution:
For P(4), it is T and for P(20) it is T.
(x) P(x)
Question:
Let P(x) = “x > 3.”
What are the truth values of P(4) and P(2) ?
Solution:
For P(4), it is T and for P(20) it is T. But for P(2),
it is F.
Therefore, it can be concluded:
(x) P(x)
Question:
Express the statement “If somebody is female and is a
parent, then this person is someone’s mother” as a
logical expression.
Solution:
Let F(x) be the statement “x is female,” let P(x) be the
statement “x is a parent,” and let M(x,y) be the statement “x is
the mother of y.” Since the statement in the question pertains
to all people, we can write it symbolically as
" x: (F(x) P(x) M(x,y))
Q&A
• Knowledge Representation 2
–Frame