Autonomic Nervous System ABUAD

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Prof Babatunde Olasode MD DCP FWACP
ANS
SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
 LOCATED IN THORACOLUMBAR  LOCATED INCRANIAL & SACRAL EGIONS
• Origin in Neural crest • Origin in the Brain stem and sacral
• Migrate to behind dorsal aorta region
• Forms parallel trunks of fibres • Fibres travel in 3rd, 7th, 9th,and 10th
• Forms preaortic ganglia • Others originate in the 2-4th sacral
• Others sympathetic organ cord nervus erigentes
plexus • Innervates involuntary structures eyes
salivary glands GIT, BLADDER
August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 2

NERVOUS SYSTEM
 CENTRAL NERVOUS  PERIPHERAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM SYSTEM INCL.
 BRAIN AND SPINL CORD  CRANIAL NERVES
 PERIPHERAL NERVES
• ANS
• INVOLUNTARY
• SOMATIC
• VOLUNTARY

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
 ALPHA RECEPTORS  All have cholinergic receptors
 BETA RECEPTORS

ANS
 Responsible for control of involuntary VISCERAL functions

• cardiovascular
• respiratory
• digestive
• urinary
• reproductive functions
• Key role in the bodies response to stress FIGHT OR
FLIGHT RESPONSE

ANS
Sympathetic nervous  Parasympathetic nervous

system
• allow body to
• controls vegetative
function under functions
stress • feed or breed or rest
response
• fight or flight • constant opposition to the
sympathetic system

MAJOR COMPONENTS
 Neuron
• Sensory - Afferent
• Motor neurons- Efferent
 Neurotransmitter
• chemical substance which travels across a synaptic junction to act on
a target cell.
 Effector Organs
• specific tissues stimulated by the autonomic nervous system

NEURON

NEUROLOGICAL CYCLE
 Autonomic Nervous system

• activated by reflex centers located in the brain and spinal cord
 Reflex arc
• complete circuit of nerves involved in an involuntary movement
• From the stimuli to the effector organ

NEUROTRANSMITTERS
 Norepinephrine
• Post-ganglionic Neurotransmitter for the
• sympathetic Nervous system
 Acetylcholine
• pre-ganglionic Neurotransmitter for both
• systems
• Post-ganglionic neurotransmitter for the
• parasympathetic nervous system

SYNAPSE
 Junction of Pre and Post synaptic neurons
 Neurotransmitter produced in presynaptic membrane
 Moves across synaptic space
 binds with receptor on postsynaptic membrane
 causes impulse potential

SYNAPSE

DOPAMINE CYCLE

N E U RO L O G I C C O N D U C T I O N
 Initiation
• Sensory bodies initiate impulse
• depolarization
• Afferent impulse
 Conduction
• impulse is conducted along neuron to Synaptic Junction
• Efferent impulse
 Neurotransmitter is released

N E U RO L O G I C C O N D U C T I O N
Synaptic Activity impulse travels down

• neurotransmitter is released
• crosses synaptic cleft efferent neuron to
• Stimulates receptors on next
neuron Effector Gland or
• Immediately,
neurotransmitter is
inactivated by enzyme muscle
(cholinesterase)
• Action Potential is initiated
along 2nd neuron

ANS
 Sympathetic  Parasympathetic
Thoracolumbar • Vagus Nerve
• Main regulator of
• Conduction takes place
Automatic functions
along very short neurons,
effecting directly on gland • Neuron pathways are much
or muscle longer, making this a slower
system

REFLEX ARC

REFLEX ARC

S Y M PAT H E T I C S T I M U L AT I O N
 stimulate sweat glands

 constrict peripheral vessels
 increase blood to skeletal muscles
 increase chronotropic and inotropic effects
 bronchodilation
 stimulation of NRG production
 reduce blood flow to abdomen
 decrease digestive activity
 relax smooth muscle in wall of bladder
 release glucose stores from liver

ADRENAL MEDULLA
 This area of the nervous system is also stimulated by the release

of norepinephrine
 This releases noradrenalin & adrenalin
 these are released into the body to also react with receptors and
prolong the effects of sympathetic stimulation

SYMPATHETIC REC
 As norepinephrine is released, it travels is across the synaptic cleft

and interacts with adrenergic receptors
 Epinephrine will also stimulate these receptors
 Two Types of Sympathetic Receptors
 adrenergic
 dopaminergic

SYMPATHETIC REC

ANATOMY OF SYMPATHTIC
SYSTEM
 INTERMEDIOLATERAL
NUCLEUS
 WHITE ramus communicans
 GREY ramus communicans
 SENSORY RELATES IN
DORSAL GANGLIA

ANS
SYMPATHEIC GANGLIA PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA
 GANGLIA ARE LATERAL  GANGLIA LOCATED IN

TO THE VETEBRAE PLEXUS
 CEALIAC
 3 CERVIVAL
 THORACIC
 12 THORACIC
 AORTIC
 2-4 LUMBAR
 OESOPHAGEAL
 2 SACRAL  PELVIC

ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
 Alpha 1  Alpha 2
 Peripheral Vasoconstriction  Peripheral vasodilation
 Positive inotropic effect  limits release of

norepinephrine
 Negative chronotropic effect
 stimulated by excessive
amounts of Norepinephrine in
synaptic cleft

 Beta 1
 positive inotropic effect on heart

• increased contractility
 positive chronotropic effect on heart

• increased heart rate
 positive dromotropic effect on heart

• automaticity

 Beta 2
 Peripheral vasodilation
 Bronchodilation
 Uterine smooth muscle relaxation
 GI smooth muscle relaxation

DRUGS FOR ANS
 Sympathomimetics
• meds that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
 Sympatholytics
• inhibit the sympathetic system
 Alpha or Beta agonist
• stimulate Alpha sites
 Alpha or Beta antagonists
• block effects of Beta stimulation

PA R A S Y M PAT H E T I C N E RVO U S
SYSTEM
 Stimulation Results in
 Pupillary constriction
 secretion by digestive glands
 increased smooth muscle activity along GI tract
 bronchoconstriction
 reduced HR & negative Inotropic effects

APPLIED ANATOMY
 REFERED PAIN FROM SYMPATHETIC NERVES

• The heart T1-T5 is referred to the left chest, epigastrium and upper
arm
• Upper GIT T5-T12 referred to mid abdomen, epigastrium and lower
pole of scapula for gall bladder
• GUS T10-L1 referred to lumbar region groin and testis in the male
• GONADS T10-T11 to iliac fossa and loin
• Pelvic Viscera referred S1-S3 to buttocks and posterior aspects of
thighs

APPLIED ANATOMY
 CONTROL OF MCTURITION
 CONROL OF DEFEACTION
 SEXUAL AND ERECTILE CONTROL
 ALL BY PARASYMPATHETIC EXCEPT EJACULATION
 SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION IS INHIBITED

DRUGS OF ANS
 Parsympatholytics
• block action of parasympathetic
 Atropine Sulfate
• parasympathetic blocker

DRUGS OF ANS
 Parasympathomimetics
 stimulate parasympathetic nervous system

• Physostigmine
 Anticholinesteras inhibitor
• OD of Atropine, Tricyclic Antidepressants, CO poisoning,
 Some research on improving Alzheimer's disease

CHOLINESTERASE
INHIBITORS
 Cholinesterase breaks down excess Acetylcholine shutting down

the parasympathetic System.
 Exposure to some organophosphates (fertilizers) or biochemical

weapons such as Sarin, Soman, Tabun bind up cholinesterase and
prevents the system from shutting down.

SIGNS OF BLOCKAGE
 Salivation
 Lacrimation (teary eyes)
 Urination
 Defecation
 Gastric disturbance
 Emesis
• ANTIDOTE IS PARASYMPATHETIC BLOCKER ATROPINE
SULPHATE

OTHER DRUGS
 PROPANOLOL  EPINEPHRINE
Pure Blocker  Alpha Effects

• What effects will it have on • bronchoconstriction
Heart? • Peripheral vasoconstriction
• What are some benefits in • Increased BP
AMI?  Beta effects
• What are some potentially • B1 increased heart rate and
hazardous side effects? CO
• B2 bronchial dilatation

THE FUTURE
 FETAL ADRENAL  VISUAL ANATOMY

IMPLANTS  ANATOMIC MAP OF THE
 GENETIC BRAIN
MANIPULATIONS  3D CT-SCAN
 CYTOKINES AND  PET
NERVE GROWTH AND  HUMAN CLONNING
REINNERVATION

Autonomic Nervous System ABUAD

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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 2

 CENTRAL NERVOUS  PERIPHERAL NERVOUS

 BRAIN AND SPINL CORD  CRANIAL NERVES

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 3

 ALPHA RECEPTORS  All have cholinergic receptors

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 4

 Responsible for control of involuntary VISCERAL functions

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 5

Sympathetic nervous  Parasympathetic nervous

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 6

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 10

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 11

 Autonomic Nervous system

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 12

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 13

 Junction of Pre and Post synaptic neurons

 Neurotransmitter produced in presynaptic membrane

 Moves across synaptic space

 binds with receptor on postsynaptic membrane

 causes impulse potential

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 14

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 15

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 16

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 17

Synaptic Activity impulse travels down

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 18

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 19

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 20

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 21

 stimulate sweat glands

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 22

 This area of the nervous system is also stimulated by the release

 This releases noradrenalin & adrenalin

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 23

 As norepinephrine is released, it travels is across the synaptic cleft

 Epinephrine will also stimulate these receptors

 Two Types of Sympathetic Receptors

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 24

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 25

 GREY ramus communicans

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 26

 GANGLIA ARE LATERAL  GANGLIA LOCATED IN

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 27

 Peripheral Vasoconstriction  Peripheral vasodilation

 Positive inotropic effect  limits release of

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 28

 positive inotropic effect on heart

 positive chronotropic effect on heart

 positive dromotropic effect on heart

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 29

 Uterine smooth muscle relaxation

 GI smooth muscle relaxation

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 30

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 32

 secretion by digestive glands

 increased smooth muscle activity along GI tract

 reduced HR & negative Inotropic effects

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 33

 REFERED PAIN FROM SYMPATHETIC NERVES

August 8, 2019 Prof Babatunde J Olasode 34

 SEXUAL AND ERECTILE CONTROL

 ALL BY PARASYMPATHETIC EXCEPT EJACULATION