LAWS OF

LOGARITHMS

By Bonifacio Jr. L. Giangan

*𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒 𝟔𝟒 =3
*𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟑 =1
*𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟓 =3
𝟑
*𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 (𝟕𝟑 ∙ 𝟕𝟖 ) 11 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 (𝟕𝟑 ∙ 𝟕𝟖 ) =𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟑 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟖
*𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟓 5

*𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟑 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟖 11 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕𝟓 =𝟓

*𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟐𝟕 ∙ 𝟖𝟏) 7
∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕
*𝟓 ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 (𝟐𝟕 ∙ 𝟖𝟏)= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟐𝟕 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟖𝟏
5
*𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟐𝟕 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟖𝟏
7
*𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟕𝟒𝟗
𝟒𝟗
1 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟒𝟗 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕
*𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟒𝟗 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟕 𝟕

1
 •Laws of logarithms

Let 𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏 and 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒏 ∈ ℝ. For 𝒖 >

𝟎, 𝒗 > 𝟎, then

1. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒖𝒗 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒖 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒗

𝒖
2. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒗 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒖 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒗
3. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒖
Use the properties of logarithm to EXPAND the expressions
as a sum, difference, or multiple of logarithms. Simplify

𝑥3
1. log 3 log 𝑥 − log 2
2

2.ln[𝑥 𝑥 − 5 ] ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 − 5)
Use the properties of logarithm to CONDENSE the
expressions as a sigle logarithm.

1. log 2 + log 3 log 6

2. 2 ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑦 𝑥2
ln
𝑦
*
*Note: Mention that log 𝑏 𝑢 is
𝑛

not the same as log 𝑏 𝑢 . In

𝑛

the first expression, n is the

exponent of u, but in the
second expression, n is the
exponent of log 𝑏 𝑢.
Emphasize some common
mistakes:
*log 2 (5 + 2) ≠ log 2 5 + log 2 5
*log 2 5 − 2 ≠ log 2 5 − log 2 2
*log 2 5 ∙ 2 ≠ 2 log 2 5 ∙ 2
2
*Calculate the hydrogen ion
concentration of vinegar that
has a pH level of 3.0. (Refer
to lesson 17 for a discussion of
pH levels)
*Solution:
pH= − log[𝐻+ ]
+
3.0 = − log 𝐻
−3.0 = log 𝐻+
−3.0 𝐻+
10 = 10
−3.0 +
10 = [𝐻 ]
*Answer: The hydrogen ion concentration is 𝟏𝟎−𝟑.𝟎 moles
per liter.
GROUP ACTIVITY
Direction: Answer the given problem and use
the basic properties and laws of logarithms.
• Suppose you have seats to a concert
featuring your favorite musical artist. Calculate
the approximate decibel level associated if a
typical concert’s sound intensity(I) is 10−2
W/m2
Sound Intensity
In acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of a sound is
𝐼
D=10log 10−12where I is the sound intensity in
watts/𝑚2 (the quantity 10−12 watts/𝑚2 is least audible sound a
human can hear
*Study about Change-base
formula. Give some
examples.