A Guide to APA

Referencing
Style: 6 Edition
th

Prepared by: John Carlo P. Naval

 Objectives:
At the end of the discussion,
you are expected to:
a.Define APA citation,
b.Enumerate the guidelines in in-
text citation and creating a
reference list; and,
c.Practice the use of APA style in
referencing. 2
What do
we really
mean by
3
 APA
stands for
America
n
Psycholo
gical
Associati
4
 APA is
commonly
used in
Psychology,
Education,
Business/Eco
nomics,
Nursing, and
Linguistics.
5
 Why Reference?
 To acknowledge the source of
information using a standardized
style
 For it is morally and legally
important to acknowledge
someone else’s ideas or words
used in your paper
 To guide reader and even the
writer to retrace6 and locate the
 Two Main
Parts of
referencing
7
 2 Main
Parts of
referencing
1. Citing in
text, in
text
citations,
or text
citations;
and
2. Constructio
8
In Text
Citatio
ns
Rememb
er!
You still need to
acknowledge
the author even
though you
already
paraphrased
10 or
In citing in
text within
your paper,
use the
author/s (or
editor/s)
last name
followed
11
by
 Example
According to Jones (1998), APA style is
a difficult citation format for first-time
learners.
or
APA style is a difficult citation format
for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).

12
 Basic Patterns
Brown (2003) comments; concludes; explains; that…
indicates; notes; observes; remarks;
states
Brown, Horton, and advocate the view; hold the position; that…
Tomlinson (2004) present arguments to emphasize;
propose
Brown’s (2003) emphasizes; illustrates; points; shows; that…
study suggests
Brown’s (2003) confirm; establish; maintain; show that…
findings
The analysis of the denies; shows; suggests that…
ABC report 13
 Basic Patterns
Brown (2003) further asserts; points; that…
suggests
Brown et al. (2004) additionally advocate; argue; that…
emphasize; explain

References:
Swales, J. (1990). Genre analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swales, J., & Feak, C. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Ann Arbor,
MI: University of Michigan Press.

14
 Three, four, or five authors

Research can be defined as a systematic method of

creating new knowledge or a way to verify existing
knowledge (Watson, McKenna, Cowman & Keady,
2008).

Deciding on a research method demands the

researcher consider carefully the problem or area of
investigation being researched (Watson et al., 2008).

15
 Six or more authors

Naval et al. (2019) states that…

16
 Group as authors
Corporations, associations, government
agencies, and etc.
First text citation: (Department of Education
[DepEd], 2019).
Second and
(DepEd, 2019).
subsequent citations:

Note: If there is no abbreviated format, cite

the name of the organization as it is.

17
 Similar information referred to by
more than one author

Resilience is seen as the ability to

overcome adversary, combat stress
and bounce back from hardship
(Dawson, 2006; Overton, 2005).

18
 Same author and same date
Eyes are susceptible to melanoma, even though
it is rare (Cancer Society of New Zealand,
2013a).

According to the Cancer Society of New

Zealand (2013b) the rate of...
Note: This is only true if there are two different
works used, but the author and year of publication
are the same.

19
 Citing a secondary source

Fawcett (as cited in Polit &

Beck, 2008) outlined the four
main concepts...

20
 Direct
Quotes
 Direct Quote
Direct quote is copying
exactly what is written
in the original text
including any punctuation
or incorrect spelling.
Include the author’s last
name, year of
22
Short quote – less than 40 words

According to Jones (1998),

“Students often had difficulty
using APA style, especially when
it was their first time” (p. 199).

23
Longer quote – 40 words or more

Guidelines:
1. The line before your long quotation, when
your introducing the quote, usually ends
with a colon (:).
2. The long quotation is indented half an inch
from the rest of the text, so it looks like a
block of text.

24
Longer quote – 40 words or more

Guidelines:
3. There are no quotation marks around the
quotation.
4. The period at the end of the quotation
comes before your in-text citation as
opposed to after, as it does with regular
quotation.

25
 Longer quote – 40 words or more
Jone’s (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially

when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty

could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to

purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help.

(p.199)
26
 Longer quote – 40 words or more
At the end of Lord of the Flies the boys are struck with the realization
of their behavior:

The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up
to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering
spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice
rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the
island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began
to shake and sob too. (Golding, 1960, p.186)

27
 The
Reference
List
 The Reference
List
It appears at the end
of the paper.
The references on a
separate page is
labeled ‘References’
or ‘Reference List’.
29
 Basic Rules
References are arranged
alphabetically based on
the authors’ last names.
Order the works of the
same author according to
the publication date
(oldest to newest)
30
 Basic Rules
If there is no author, the title
moves to that position.
Still, the entry is
alphabetized based on the
title excluding the words
“A” or “The”.
Ampersand (&) is used
instead of “and”31 when
 Basic Rules
Employ hanging
indentation
Capitalize only the first
letter of the first word of the
tile and/or subtitle plus any
proper noun.
Italicize the title of the book,
journal/serial, 32web document.
 It might be useful to
remember these Ws!
 Who – wrote or
edited
 When was it written
 What is it
 Where was it
published (books)
 Where was the
article located
(serial/journal)
 Where was it
located33(internet
 Remember!
The information is usually found on
the title page and the back of the title
page of the book. For serials/journals,
you will find the information included
on the article plus the front cover or
inside pages of a print serial. For
websites, the information is usually at
the end.
34
Books
Seatw
ork
36
Author: Ronald SP. Elicay
Title: Teaching Methodologies
Date: 2008
Publisher: ADNU Press
Place: Naga City, Philippines

37
Author: Ronald SP. Elicay and
Ramona S. Renegado
Title: Measurements and
Assessments II
Date: 2016
Publisher: ADNU Press
Place: Naga City, Philippines
38
Author: Ronaldo Elicay
Editor: Honesto Bermudo
Title: Enjoy Life: Seize the
Moment
Date: 2014
Publisher: Anvil Publishing Inc.
Place: Mandaluyong City,
Philippines 39
Editor: Honesto Bermudo
Author: France Bico
Title: Enjoy Life: Seize the Moment
Edition: 2
Date: 2014
Publisher: Anvil Publishing Inc.
Place: Mandaluyong City, Philippines

40
Editor: Department of
Education
Title: Educators’ Manual
Date: 2012
Publisher: Department of
Education
Place: Quezon City, Philippines
41
 Rules (Books)
1. Author/s or Editor/s last
name/s appear first,
followed by initials (Naval,
J.).
2. Year of Publication in
parentheses (2019)
3. Italicize the full title of the
book 42
 Rules (Books)
4. Include the edition number
if applicable (2nd ed.)
5. Include the place of
publication
6. Include the publisher’s
name. If the publisher is the
same as the author use
“Author”. 43
Book – 1 author
Collier, A. (2008). The world of tourism and

travel. Rosedale, New Zealand:

Pearson Education New Zealand.

44
 Book – editor
Aspinall, V. (Ed.). (2014). Clinical
procedures in veterinary nursing
(3rd ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland:
Elsevier.

45
Book – author and publisher
are the same

MidCentral District Health Board. (2008). District

annual plan 2008/09. Palmerston North,
New Zealand: Author.

46
 Chapter in an edited
book

Palmer, F. (2007). Treaty principles and Maori sport:

Contemporary issues. In C. Collins & S. Jackson
(Eds.), Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society (2nd
ed., pp. 307-334). South Melbourne, Australia:
Thomson.

47
Serial or
Journal
Articles
Boardw
ork
49
Author: Lawrence Paculan
Article Title: Level of Satisfaction of Senior
High School Students to Animated Films
Date: 2018
Journal Title: Philippine Journal
Place: Quezon City, Philippines
Volume: 5
Issue: 10
Pages: 89-101

50
Author: Lawrence Paculan
Article Title: Level of Satisfaction of
Senior High School Students to Animated
Films
Date: 2018
Journal Title: Philippine Journal
Place: Quezon City, Philippines
Volume: 5
Issue: 10
Pages: 89-91
Retrieved online: 51
Author: Gerald Anderson
Article Title: Coping Mechanisms
Date: 2019
Journal Title: The Journal of Love
Place: Quezon City, Philippines
Volume: 4
Issue: 5
Page: 10-15
Digital Object Identifier:
10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.007
52
 Rules (Journal
Articles)
1. Author/s last name/s
(surname) first, followed by
initials. (Naval, J.)
2. Year of Publication in
parentheses. (2019)
3. Title of article. Capitalize
only the first letter of the title
and the subtitle,
53
if any, and
 Rules (Journal
Articles)
4. Title of The Serial/Journal
in Full in Italics.
5. Volume number in italics.
6. Issue number. This is
parenthesized
immediately after the
volume number but not
italicized. 554(20)
 Rules (Journal
Articles)
7. Include all page numbers
used.
8. Include any Digital Object
Identifiers [DOI] or URL if
in case DOI is not
indicated. (for online)
9. Do not anymore indicate
the date of 55
retrieval. (for
 Basic pattern for
Journal Article

Author, A. (Year). Title of the

article. Journal Title,
Volume(Issue), page.

56
 Serial/ Journal
Article (print)

Thompson, C. (2010). Facebook: Cautionary

tales for nurses. Kai Tiaki: Nursing New
Zealand, 16(7), 26.

57
Serial/ Journal Article (online from a
Database – e.g. EBSCO)

Drew, J., Kortt, M. A., & Bec, A. (n.d.). Administering faith: Does the
religious institution administering a school influence
educational achievement? Journal of Sociology, 55(2), 342.
Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edsnzc&AN=523890324712137&site=eds-live

58
59
 Serial/ Journal Article
(online with DOI)

Gabbett, T., Jenkins, D., & Abernethy, B. (2010). Physical

collisions and injury during professional rugby league
skills training. Journal of Science and Medicine in
Sport, 13(6), 578-583.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.007

60
61
Serial/ Journal Article (8 or more
authors)

Crooks, C., Ameratunga, R., Brewerton, M., Torok, M.,

Buetow, S., Brothers, S., ... Jorgensen, P. (2010).
Adverse reactions to food in New Zealand children
aged 0-5 years. New Zealand Medical Journal,
123(1327). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/
journal/123-1327/4469/

62
Internet
Sources
 Rules (Internet
Sources)
1. Author/s last name/s
(surname) first, followed by
initials (Naval, J.) or the
organization.
2. Year of Publication in
parentheses (2019). Use (n.d.)
if date is not indicated.
3. Title of the webpage or
document in64italics.
Basic pattern for Internet
Sources
Author, A. (Year). Title of the
article or website.
Retrieved from
https://www.insert_url.co
m

65
 Thesis/
Dissertation
 Thesis (print)

Albis, A., Brioso, P., Dychinco, D., Reluba, M., Sabularse,

G., & Veloso, K. (2011). Factors affecting Ateneo
students in choosing boarding houses and their level
of satisfaction (Undergraduate’s Thesis). Ateneo de
Naga University, Naga City, Philippines.

67
 Thesis (Online)

Mann, D. L. (2010). Vision and expertise for interceptive

actions in sport (Doctoral dissertation, The University
of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia). Retrieved
from http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44704

68
 Personal
Communica
tion
 Personal
Communication
This refers to letters, including email,
interviews, telephone conversations
and discussions on placement or
work experience. Personal
communications are cited in text only
and are NOT included in the
reference list.

70
 Personal
Communication
In text citation:

No-tillage technologies have revolutionized the

way arable farmers manage their farming
operation and practices (W.R. Ritchie, personal
communication, September 30, 2014).

71
Two Letter
USA Codes
Two Letter USA Codes
Alabama AL District of Columbia DC

Alaska AK Florida FL

Arizona AZ Georgia GA

Arkansas AR Hawaii HI

California CA Idaho ID

Colorado CO Illinois IL

Connecticut CT Indiana IN

Delaware DE Iowa IA

73
Two Letter USA Codes
Kansas KS Mississippi MS

Kentucky KY Missouri MO

Louisiana LA Montana MT

Maine ME Nebraska NE

Maryland MD Nevada NV

Massachusetts MA New Hampshire NH

Michigan MI New Jersey NJ

Minesotta MN New Mexico NM

74
Two Letter USA Codes
New York NY South Carolina SC

New Carolina NC South Dakota SD

North Dakota ND Tennessee TN

Ohio OH Texas TX

Oklahoma OK Utah UT

Oregon OR Vermont VT

Pennsylvania PA Virginia VA

Rhode Island RI Washington WA

75
Two Letter USA Codes
West Virginia WV

Wisconsin WI

Wyoming WY

American Samoa AS

Guam GU

Northern Mariana Islands MP

Puerto Rico PR

Virgin Islands VI

76
 References
A guide to APA referencing – 6th edition. (n.d.).
Retrieved from http://student.ucol.ac.nz/library/
onlineresources/Documents/APA_Guide_2017.pdf

Subject guides: Referencing and Citation Styles:

APA 6th. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://libguides.library.usyd.edu.au/c.php?
g=508212&p=3476096

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