Meycauayan National High School

Camalig, City of Meycauayan, Bulacan

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Practical Research 2
1st Semester, 2017-2018
 Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able
to:
1. Explain the meaning of literature review;
2. Discuss the characteristics, purpose, functions
and sources of literature review;
3. Follow the steps in doing a literature review;
4. Select relevant literature; and
5. Create a Summary Table on Literature Review.
 Performance Task No.2
1. With the topic of their interest, each group will
look for related literature and studies that can
be included in your literature review.
2. Each group must identify at least 10 good
literature and present it in a SUMMARY TABLE
given.
3. After that, cite the sources of your literature by
identifying the references.
 Performance Task No.2
Title of
Journal, Major
Title of Name of
Volume, Objectives of
Articles Researchers
Issue and the Paper
Page No.
 Performance Task No.2
Delineated Locus of Method of Findings of
Factors the Study the Study the Paper
 Fundamentals of Literature Review

“Literature is the safe and traditional

vehicle through which we learn about
the world and pass on from one
generation to the next. Books save lives.”
– Laurie Anderson
 Meaning of Literature Review
Literature Review is an account of what has been
published by other researchers.
Fink (2005) defined it as “a systematic, explicit,
and reproducible method of identifying,
evaluating, and synthesizing the existing body of
completed and recorded work produced by
researchers, scholars and practitioners.
Why do we review literatures?
 Literature Review
The number of related
literature is dependent
on the availability of
materials.

Which is better to pursue: a research with

many related literatures or a research
with no or limited related literatures?
Functions of Literature Review
1. Identify gaps between the
literature and your study.
2. Provides justification for the
proposed project and your
research question.
3. Enables the researchers to
build a theoretical framework,
methodology and design of
the study.
 Sources of Literatures
A. Primary Sources- used broadly to embody all
sources that are original. Primary sources
provide firsthand information that is closest to
the object of study. (e.g., speeches, letters,
photos, and interviews)
B. Secondary Sources- provides non-original or
secondhand data or information. Secondary
sources are written about primary sources. (e.g.,
textbooks, magazines and newspapers)
Steps in Conducting a
Literature Review
 1. Choose the topic
1. Establish the review around your topic.
2. Guide your review with your research
objective, problem or issue to be discussed.

“What is the specific research question that my

literature review helps to define?”
 2. Identify Resources
1. Select a reliable database.
2. Look for various and recent resources.

“Where can you find available and reliable

materials?”
 3. Search and Refine
1. Scan literature efficiently.
2. Develop critical thinking.

“How extensive was my information seeking?”

“Has my search been appropriate for my
paper?”
 4. Read and Analyze
1. Read, read, and read
2. Exercise your Reading Comprehension skills
and note-taking skills.
3. Check the relevance of each material.

“Have I critically analyzed the literature I used?”

 5. Write the review
1. Remember that it is an account of your
synthesis from different materials not a summary
of all literatures.
2. Organize your review with a unified theme.
3. Evaluate according to your research
questions.
“Will the reader find my literature review relevant,
appropriate and useful?”
 5. Write the review
Creswell (2003) suggested a model of writing the
literature review:
 Introduction
First topic- addressing IV
Second topic- addressing DV
Third topic- addressing the relationship
between IV and DV
Conclusion
 5. Write the review
How to organize literature?
Chronological
Thematic
Methodological
 GOALS of Literature Review
1. Demonstrate familiarity
2. To know the path of prior research
3. To integrate what is known in different areas
4. Learn from others
5. Identify variables
6. Develops framework
7. Refine the problem statement
 Types of Literature Review
1. Context Review- focuses on a specific issue
2. Historical Review- traces the development of
an issue
3. Integrative Review- summarizes what is known
4. Methodological Review- points out methods
varies by study
5. Theoretical Review- compares on different
theories addressing an issue
 Tips in Synthesizing Related Literature
1. Clarify the theme
2. Use Evidence
3. Be Selective
4. Use Quotes Sparingly
5. Summarize and Synthesize
6. Keep Your Own Voice
7. Use Caution When Paraphrasing
 A good literature review is
1. Focused
2. Concise
3. Logical
4. Developed
5. Integrative
6. Current
 Common Mistakes to Avoid
Sources in your literature review do not clearly relate to
the research problem;
You do not take sufficient time to define and identify the
most relevant sources to use in the literature review
related to the research problem;
Uncritically accepts another researcher's findings and
interpretations as valid, rather than examining critically all
aspects of the research design and analysis;
Relying too heavily on unreliable sources
 Common Mistakes to Avoid
Only includes research that validates assumptions
and does not consider contrary findings and
alternative interpretations found in the literature.
Putting isolated Related Literature on Chapter II.
Copy, Paste and Print!
 Research Ethics
Ethics is defined as an approach, process or
perspective for choosing how to act on certain
issues and situations.
Research Ethics is a specialized discipline
which studies ethical norms in research.
 In addition, it educates and monitors researchers
conducting research to ensure a high ethical
standard.
Honesty Confidentiality
Objectivity Non-Discrimination
Integrity Legality
Carefulness Animal Care
Openness Human Subjects
Respect for Intellectual Protection
Property
 Citation
A citation is a reference to a published or
unpublished source that you consulted and
obtained information from while writing your
research paper. The way in which you
document your sources depends on the writing
style manual your professor wants you to use for
the class [e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian,
etc.]. Note that some disciplines have their own
citation method [e.g., law].
 Conditions for citation
When the researcher paraphrases statements
of another researcher.
When the researcher summarizes the idea of
another researcher.
When the researcher is quoting what was
written by another researcher.
When the researcher makes reference to ideas
or theories of another researcher.
 Purpose of citation
Helps readers to detect and locate the source
of the work.
Proves that the opinion is well-researched.
Acknowledges the author of the original idea
presented.
In the text of your paper, you must cite
any material or information that you
borrow from another source.
APA style requires you to use the
“author-date” method of in-text
citation.
MLA style requires you to put the
“author-page number” method.
 APA utilizes a system of brief referencing in
the text of a paper, whether one is
paraphrasing or providing a direct quotation
from another author’s work.
Cases:
1. Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
2. Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
3. Direct Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
4. Direct Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Example:
Libraries historically highly value intellectual
freedom and patron confidentiality (LaRue,
•2007).
Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
Example:
LaRue (2007) identified intellectual freedom and
patron confidentiality as two key values held
historically by libraries.
Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Example:
Daughters are the most likely family member to
care for aging parents (Qualls & Roberto, 2006).
• Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
Example:
Qualls and Roberto (2006) identified daughters as
the most likely family member to care for aging
parents.
First time cited - List all authors by last name with the date
Example:
The study focused on grandmothers in the
African American … (Watson, Randolph, &
Lyons, 2006).
• In subsequent paragraphs - Use first author’s last name
with et al. and date as first citation in paragraph
The results of the study concluded … (Watson et
al., 2006)
If using source again in the same paragraph - Use first
author, et al. and no date for the narrative style.
Always include the date within the parenthetical
citation.
Example:
Grandmothers are the key to health education
… (Watson et al., 2006 )
Watson et al. further discovered that
grandmothers …
 Never list all of the authors in the in-text citation
Use last name of the first author with et al.
throughout paper
Include the date in each citation for the first and
subsequent citations in each paragraph

Example:
Grandmothers are the key to health education
… (Watson et al., 2006 )
Watson et al. (2006) further discovered that …
Use the first few words of the title in place of
an author and add the year, if available.
Example:
The pharmacy staff now are able to
electronically program MedStation with the
patient’s daily dosage (New Technology
Benefits, 2005)

Note: Italicize title of book or report

 Use “n.d.” in place of the year
Example:
Kanu (n.d.) noted that Native American and
Canadian Native students do not successfully
transition from high school to college.
Place the citations of two or more works within the same
parentheses in alphabetical order by the last name of
the first author in each of the works
Example:
Several research studies (Kanu, 2006; New
Technology Benefits, 2005; Qualls & Roberto, 2006;
Watson et al., 2006) reported that the results
revealed
Many scientists agreed that … (E. Serrano, 2017;
R. Serrano, 2011).

According to several studies ( de Castro, 2013a;

de Castro 2013b) results reported that…
According to World Health Organization [WHO]
(2010)…

In subsequent reports, they have found out that

… (WHO, 2010).
Always double check the source to
ensure that the quote is accurate
Always provide the last name(s) of the
author(s), year and specific page where
quote is located in original source.
Fewer than 40 words – Incorporate within
text using quotation marks
 Direct Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express
the other form of interconnectedness–genealogical
rather than ecological“ (Gould 1989, p. 14).

• Direct Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative

Gould (1989) explained that Darwin used the metaphor
of the tree of life "to express the other form of
interconnectedness– genealogical rather than
ecological”(p. 14).
 • More than 40 words – Use indented
block of text and no quotation marks
Jones’ (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA
Style especially when it was their first time
citing sources. This difficulty could be
attributed to the fact that many students
failed to purchase a style guide or to ask
their teachers for help (p. 199).
Use paragraph numbers if available
If no paragraph numbers are provided, cite the
section heading and count the paragraphs.
“Sometimes the APA publication manual does not
answer all of your questions on style. One may
have to use their best judgment in defining the
proper manner of citing” (Schaeffer, 2008,
Conclusion section, para. 2).
Secondary sources discuss another
person’s work.
Some areas of study normally do not allow
secondary sources to be used in research
papers. It is expected that the student will
locate and utilize the primary source.
Multivariate analysis of clinicians revealed differences in
competency based on ethnicity (Organista, Manzo, &
Wong, as cited in Lum & Lu, 2003).

Organista, Manzo, and Wong (as cited in Lum & Lu,

2003) used multivariate analysis of Latino and non-Latino
clinicians in their comparative study of competency.
1. When do we need a Citation
Whenever you make any claim that you did
not personally come up with, you should
cite your source.

[ citation needed ]
 2. Can an INTERVIEW be cited?

Citing Informational interviews:

As Davis (personal communication, April 5,
2011) stated...
or
Based on an interview made by Davis
(personal communication, April 5, 2011), it is
stated…
Note: Personal communications do not have
reference list entries because it cannot be retrieved.
 3. Is “recycling” your own work “plagiarism”?
Self-plagiarism- the writer republishes a work
in its entirety or reuses portions of a
previously written text while authoring a new
work.
Scanlon (2007) calls it as “academic
fraud,” a form of self-plagiarism (pg. 57).
- No style guide accounts for everything.
- Style guides are evolving, changing,
and open to interpretation.
- Practice Makes Perfect
Answer the following based on the parts of Chapter 1:
a. What are the components of an INTRODUCTION?
b. What are the characteristics of a Research
Question?
c. What is the purpose of writing the Significance of
the Study?
d. Why do you need Scope and Delimitation on a
study?