Road

to
Freedom
 NATIONALISM
• A feeling brought about by the
discovery of a group of people of their
identity that enable them to be united
• Examples:
– Similarity in terms of color and physical
attributes
– Similarity in language, beliefs, place or
territory
– Similarity in terms of goals and ideologies
Factors that gave Rise
to Nationalism
1. The Philippines was opened to World Trade

• When the King of Spain announced

the opening of the Philippines in world
trade, a lot of countries became
interested.
• Philippine products were known
• Transportation and communication
flourished.
 2. BIRTH OF THE MIDDLE CLASS

Consisted of:
– Newly rich businessmen and Chinese
traders
– Spanish mestizo
– Those who attained higher education in
the Philippines and in Spain (ilustrados)
Philippine Society during
the Spanish Period
•Peninsulares
•Insulares
•Mestizo
•Indio
 3. OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL

• November 17, 1869 – Opening of the Suez Canal

• Ferdinand de Lesseps – A Frenchman who made the
Suez Canal
• Connects the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea (thus
connecting Asia to Europe)
• The travel from Europe to the Philippines was reduced
from 3 months to 32 days.
• Trade flourished
• Prompted the influx of foreign newspapers and books
that catapulted the Philippines to a new age
 LIBERALISM
• Equality, Liberty, Fraternity
• Freedom of Speech, Assembly,
Association
• The Filipinos read democratic books such
as:
– Social Contract – Jean Jacques
Rousseau
– Treatises of Government – John Locke
 4. LIBERAL LEADERSHIP OF GOV. GEN.
CARLOS MA. DELA TORRE
• Queen Isabel II – was removed from
her position in 1868 due to a
revolution.
Carlos Ma. De la Torre – a liberal Spaniard
– Brought liberal thoughts in the
Philippines to be able to protect
themselves from the abuses of the
Spaniards
– Showed love to the Filipinos
– Allowed freedom of speech
– Opened Malacañang to the people
on July 12, 1869
– Was replaced by Rafael de
Izquierdo – an autocratic ruler
 THE TYRANNICAL REGIME OF RAFAEL DE
IZQUIERDO

•Re-imposed censorship
•Banned all talks of reform and liberty
•Stop the Filipinization of the Parishes in the
country
•Revoked the exemptions of Filipinos on force
labor and tributes
 5. THE SECULARIZATION ISSUE
• Secular Priest • Regular Priest
– Filipino priests – Spanish priests
– Provincial – refers to belonging in religious
the head of the orders such as:
Secular priests • Augustinians
• Jesuits
• Recollects
• Dominicans
• Franciscans
– Archbishop and
bishop – headed the
regular priests
• Council of Trent (1545-1563) – states that a
secular priest can be a Friar Curate
• Pope Pius V – allowed the secular priests in
1567 serve in the parishes due to lack of
regular priests
• Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa – started making
the secular priests a part of the regular priests
and giving them a parish to lead.
COUNCIL OF TRENT POPE PIUS V

GOM-BUR-ZA
• Religious Orders – opposed to the plan for
they believed that Filipinos were not worthy to
become Friar Curate
• Msgr. Pedro Pelaez – Ecclesiastical Governor of
the Church who believed that Filipino priests
should be given a chance to serve.
• Governor-General Simon de Anda – sided with
the Filipinos
• Father Jose Burgos – continued the fight upon
the death of Msgr. Pelaez.
 6. THE CAVITE MUTINY

• January 20, 1872

• Sergeant Lamadrid – led about 200
Filipino soldiers and workers in the
Cavite arsenal mutinied.
• Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo
– One of the worst governor generals in
the Philippines
– Removed a lot of privileges enjoyed by
the people in Cavite that led to the
mutiny.
 7. THE EXECUTION OF GOM-BUR-ZA

•ALL were graduates of UST.

•Fr. Burgos – head of the movement; Letran Professor;
Master of ceremonies of the faculty of UST; curate of the
Manila Cathedral; born in Vigan
•Fr. Gomez – founder of La Verdad; curate of Bacoor,
Cavite; born in Sta. Cruz, Manila
•Fr. Zamorra – curate of Pasig, Rizal; born in Pandacan;
lost his mind before the execution
• Father Mariano Gomez – more than 70 years old
– Friar Curate of Bacoor
– Had Chinese blood
• Father Jose Burgos – 35 years
– Friar Curate of Manila Cathedral
– Insulares
• Padre Jacinto Zamora – 73 years
– Friar Curate of Marikina
– Insulares
– Unfriendly towards the Spaniards
– Offended Brigadier Oran – a governor in Manila which Padre
Zamora did not gave honors when he visited Marikina.
• Were sentenced to death by means of Garrote on
February 17, 1872
• Francisco Zaldua – A Filipino witness who was
paid by the Spaniards
– Claimed that he was the messenger of Father
Burgos
• Archbishop Gregorio Meliton Martinez – did not
allow the removing of the habit of the three
accused
– Wanted the church bells to be played upon
the execution as a respect to the three priests
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THEIR DEATH

•NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS
EMERGED
•GOMBURZA became the battle cry of the
propaganda movement
•The Katipunan use the word GOMBURZA
as one of its passwords
•The Katipunan declared Feb. 17 as a
commemorative day of prayer
1. KING ANNOUNCED THE OPENING OF THE
5. THE SECULARIZATION PROJECT
PHILIPPINES TO WORLD TRADE

2. BIRTH OF THE MIDDLE CLASS:

6. CAVITE MUTINY: JAN. 20, 1872
THE ILUSTRADOS
THE BIRTH OF
NATIONALISM
3. OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL
7. EXECUTION OF GOM-BUR-ZA: FEB. 17, 1872
NOV. 17, 1869

4. GOV. GEN. CARLOS MA. DELA TORRE

1868