ANTENNAS

PHIL U. LOMBOY, EcE

ANTENNA
A structure that is generally a metallic
object, often a wire or group of wires,
used to convert high frequency signals
into electromagnetic waves and vice
versa.
ANTENNA

A device whose function is to

radiate electromagnetic energy
and/or intercept electromagnetic
radiation
 Basic
Consideration:
Maximum
Power
Transfer
FIELDS OF
AN
ANTENNA
INDUCTION FIELD RADIATION FIELD
TRANSITION
Considered to extend Considered to
out from the antenna to
ZONE extend out from a
a distance of πD2/8λ distance of 2D2/λ
Zone between
the two(2)
Near Field or Fresnel Far Field or
regions
Region Fraunhoffer Region
BASIC FORMULAS λ = c/f

T = 1/f Where: λ – wavelength

F – frequency
Where: T – time
C – velocity in free
F - frequency
space
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ANTENNAS
 RADIATION
PATTERN
A line drawn to join points
in space which have equal
field intensity due to the
source.
Major Lobe – the direction of
maximum radiation

Minor Lobe – the direction of

minimum radiation

Null – the direction with

radiation intensity equal to
zero.
FACTORS WHICH a. Antenna
DETERMINE THE height
RADIATION b. Power losses
PATTERN OF AN
ANTENNA c. Terminations
at its end

d. Thickness of the antenna

wire
PRINCIPLE OF The characteristics of antennas,
RECIPROCITY such as impedance and radiation
pattern are identical, regardless
of use for reception or
transmission.
ISOTROPIC
An antenna that radiates uniformly
ANTENNA
in all directions in space
DIRECTIVE GAIN The ratio of the power density in a
particular direction of one
antenna to the power density that
would be radiated by an isotropic
antenna.

HERTZIAN DIPOLE: HALF WAVE DIPOLE:

1.5 : 1 (1.76 dB) 1.64 : 1 (2.15 dB)
 The longer the antenna, the
higher the directive gain

Non resonant antennas have

NOTES: higher directive gain than
resonant antennas
The directive gain of all practical
antennas is greater than unity
 DIRECTIVITY, D

Maximum directive
gain

The gain in the

direction of one of the major lobes in the antenna’s radiation pattern.
POWER GAIN
Overall gain considering
losses and efficiency
Ap = %D
Where: % - antenna
efficiency
D - directivity
 ANTENNA 1. RADIATION
RESISTANCE RESISTANCE, Rr

The ratio of the AC resistance

applied voltage to The ratio of the
the flowing power radiated by
current the antenna to the
square of the current
at the feedpoint.
2. LOSS RESISTANCE, Rd

Antenna and Losses in

ground imperfect
resistance dielectric very
near the antenna
Discharge or
corona effects Eddy current loss
ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

% = Rr / Rr + Rd
The ratio of the power radiated by the
antenna to the power delivered at the
feedpoint
The ratio of radiation resistance to the
total system resistance
An antenna has a radiation resistance of 72 ohms, a
loss resistance of 8 ohms, and a power gain of 16.
What efficiency and directivity does it have.
a. 90% and 17.78
b. 10% and 17.78
c. 90% and 14.4
d. 10% and 14.4
To produce a power density of 1 mw/m2 in a given
direction, at a distance of 2 km, an antenna radiates a total
of 180 w. An isotropic antenna would have to radiate 2400
w to produce the same power density at that distance.
What, in dB, is the directive gain of the practical antenna?
a. 11.25 dB
b. 13.21 dB
c. 10 dB
d. 6 dB
 EFFECTIVE RADIATED EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC
POWER (ERP) RADIATED POWER (EIRP)

The product of the power fed The power radiated by an

to an antenna and its power antenna in its favored
gain. direction, taking the gain of the
antenna into account as
ERP = Total Radiated referenced to an isotropic
Power x Power Gain radiator
 FRONT TO BACK
RATIO
BANDWIDTH
Ratio of the power at
The operating the optimum direction
frequency range of the antenna to that
of an antenna of the power 180
degrees from the
optimum direction
BEAMWIDTH

The degree of
concentration of the
antenna’s radiation

Angular separation between two half power points in a major

lobe of an antenna radiation pattern
 POLARIZATION

Space orientation of
the waves that the
antenna radiates
The electric field vector
is always parallel to the
antenna elements.
 PHYSICAL LENGTH ELECTRICAL LENGTH

Actual length of the antenna Dependent upon the velocity

coefficient or velocity factor
L =λ/2; λ= c/f
L=kλ
λ/2 is the shortest length of a
conductor which will resonate where k is the dielectric
at a given frequency constant
Ex. What is the wavelength of a 500 MHz signal?
a. 60 cm
b. 6 m
c. 0.06 m
d. 60 m
Ex. What is the electrical length of an antenna operating
at a frequency of 500 kHz?
a. 500 m
b. 570 m
c. 600 m
d. 630 m
GROUNDING SYSTEMS
 EFFECTS OF GROUND ON
ANTENNAS
Whereas an ungrounded antenna
with its image forms an antenna
array, the bottom of the
grounded antenna is joined to the
top of the image; the system acts
as an antenna of double size.
 EFFECTS OF GROUND ON
ANTENNAS
Whereas an ungrounded antenna with its
image forms an antenna array, the
bottom of the grounded antenna is
joined to the top of the image; the
system acts as an antenna of double
size.
GROUND SCREEN

A network of buried wires directly

under the antenna, consisting of a
large number of radials extending
from the base of the tower, like
spokes on a wheel, and placed 15
and 30 cm below the ground.
COUNTERPOISE

A substitute for ground screen in

areas of low conductivity, i.e.
rock, mountains and antennas
on top of buildings
ANTENNA HEIGHT
 ANTENNA HEIGHT

The actual antenna height should

at least be λ/4, but where this is
not possible, the effective height
should correspond to λ/4.
 TOP A good method of increasing
LOADING radiation resistance by having a
horizontal portion at the top of the
antenna

Effect: to increase the current at the

base of the antenna and to make the
current distribution more uniform
EFFECTIVE Antennas behave as though
LENGTH (electrically) they were longer than
their physical length

END The result of physical antennas

EFFECT having finite thickness, instead of
being infinitely thin.
ANTENNA COUPLING AND
IMPEDANCE MATCHING
ANTENNA A network composed of reactances and
COUPLING transformers, which may be lumped or distributed,
to provide impedance matching

To tune out the reactive component of the antenna

REASONS impedance
FOR To provide the transmitter with the correct value of
COUPLING load resistance
To prevent illegal radiation of spurious frequencies
 ANTENNA COUPLERS

The antennas are coupled directly to their

Direct Coupler
transmitters

π Coupler Affords a wider reactance range, giving

adequate harmonic suppression
Symmetrical π
Coupler Used for balanced lines
IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Stub Matching
Accomplished by connecting the
coax or twin lead to the stub and
sliding the connections up or down
the stub until the proper SWR is
indicated by a meter connected in
the system.
 IMPEDANCE MATCHING
Delta Matching
Accomplished by spreading the
ends of the feedline and
adjusting the spacing until
optimum performance is
reached.
IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Gamma Matching

A sliding clamp is included in

the assembly to permit fine
tuning for minimum SWR at
the time of installation
IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Quarter A section of transmission

line one quarter wavelength
Wave
long placed between the
Matching load and the line

Used to connect an unbalanced

(coaxial line) to a balanced antenna
CURRENT FED (LOW Z FEED)
An antenna is said to be current fed if
it is fed at the point of current
maximum
Includes all feed point impedances
below 600 ohms
Ex. Center fed half wave dipole or
Marconi antenna
VOLTAGE FED (HIGH Z FEED)

An antenna is said to be voltage fed if

it is fed at the point of voltage
maximum

Includes all feed point impedances in

excess of 600 ohms

Ex. Center fed full wave dipole

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Device that converts high frequency current into
electromagnetic waves.
a. antenna
b. loudspeaker
c. microphone
d. lightning arrester
2. A polar diagram or graph representing field
strengths or power densities at various angular
positions relative to an antenna.
a. Venn Diagram
b. Figure 8 pattern
c. Lissajous figure
d. Radiation Pattern
3. Refers to the orientation of the electric field
radiated from an antenna.
a. radiation
b. polarization
c. beamwidth
d. bandwidth
4. Pertains to a wire structure placed below the
antenna and erected above the ground which is a
form of capacitive grounding system.
a. image
b. counterpoise
c. antenna orientation
d. polarization
5. What is the technique used to electrically
increase the antenna length?
a. loading
b. using image antenna
c. using antenna arrays
d. increasing antenna height
6. Antenna supported by insulators seems
electrically longer than its physical length due
to
a. image
b. reflection
c. end effect
d. broadside effect
7. The ratio of the power radiated by the antenna
to the total input power.
a. power gain
b. directive gain
c. antenna efficiency
d. radiation efficiency
8. The ratio of the front lobe power to the back
lobe power
a. front to side ratio
b. front to back ratio
c. back to front ratio
d. minor to major ratio
9. The standard reference antenna for directive
gain
a. infinitesimal dipole
b. isotropic antenna
c. elementary doublet
d. half wave dipole
10. The gain of a hertzian dipole with respect to
an isotropic antenna
a. 1.76 dB
b. 2.15 dB
c. 1.5 dB
d. 1.64 dB
11. A half wave dipole antenna is capable of radiating
2000 watts and has a 2.15 dB gain over an isotropic
antenna. How much power must be delivered to the
isotropic antenna to match the field strength of the
directional antenna?
a. 1640 watts
b. 1219 watts
c. 3280 watts
d. 3520 watts
12. An ungrounded antenna near the
ground
a. acts as a single antenna of twice the
height
b. is unlikely to need a ground screen
c. acts as an antenna array
d. must be horizontally polarized
13. Top loading is sometimes used with an
antenna in order to increase its
a. effective height
b. bandwidth
c. beamwidth
d. input capacitance
14. Very low signal strength in an
antenna
a. minor lobes
b. nulls
c. antenna patterns
d. major lobes
15. A horizontal antenna is ______ polarized.
a. vertically
b. horizontally
c. centrally
d. circularly
16. An antenna with unity
gain.
a. rhombic
b. half wave dipole
c. isotropic
d. whip
17. What is the front to back ratio of an antenna
which radiates 500 watts in a northernly direction
and 50 watts in a southernly direction?
a. 25000 dB
b. 10 dB
c. 100 dB
d. 20 dB
18. Good grounding is important
for
a. Horizontal antennas
b. Broadside array
c. Vertical antennas
d. Yagi Uda Antennas
19. If the radiated power increases 10.89 times,
the antenna current increases by
a. 3.3 times
b. 6.6 times
c. 1.82 times
d. 10.89 times
20. Shortening effect of an antenna that makes it
appear as if it were 5% longer
a. end effect
b. flywheel effect
c. skin effect
d. capture effect
21. If an antenna is too short for the wavelength
being used, the effective length can be increased
by adding
a. capacitance in series
b. inductance in series
c. resistance in parallel
d. resistance in series
22. Actual height of an antenna should be at
least
a. 1λ
b. λ/2
c. λ/4
d. ¾ λ
23. The directivity pattern of an isotropic radiator
a. figure 8
b. a sphere
c. unidirectional cardioid
d. parabola
24. A Hertz antenna is operating on a frequency of 2182
kHz and consists of a horizontal wire that is hanged
between two towers. What is the frequency of its third
harmonic?
a. 727 kHz
b. 6546 kHz
c. 436 kHz
d. 6.546 kHz
25. What is the gain of an antenna over a half
wavelength dipole when it has 6 dB gain over an
isotropic radiator?
a. 6 dB
b. 8.1 dB
c. 3.9 dB
d. 10 d
BASIC TYPES OF
ANTENNAS
 ISOTROPIC ANTENNA
a standard reference antenna ,
radiating equally in all directions,
so that the radiation pattern is
spherical.
ELEMENTARY DOUBLET
A theoretical antenna shorter than
a wavelength used as a standard to
which all other antenna
characteristics can be compared
 = 60 le I sin θ / λr

Where θ – angle of axis and point of maximum radiation

– field strength Le – antenna length

I – antenna current
r – distance
Ex. An elementary doublet is 10 cm long. If the 10 MHz
current flowing through it is 2 A, what is the field strength
20 km away from the doublet in a direction of maximum
radiation?
a. 6.28 uV/m
b. 62.83 uV/m
c. 15.92 uV/m
d. 1.59 uV/m
DIPOLE

An antenna made up of
two wires bent at 90
degrees to each other so
as to be in the same line
and signal is fed at the
center
HALF WAVE DIPOLE

Length is λ/2 and

radiation pattern is a
toroid (bidirectional)
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS
 NON-RESONANT ANTENNA
One in which there are no standing waves

Radiation pattern is directional

Standing waves are suppressed by the

use of a correct termination to ensure that
no power is reflected, so that only a
forward traveling wave will exist.
 LONG WIRE ANTENNA
Lengths in the order of several
wavelengths
When an antenna is 2 or more wavelengths
long, it provides gain and a multilobe
radiation pattern.
When terminated at one end, it becomes
unidirectional.
RHOMBIC ANTENNA

Consists of non-resonant antenna elements

arranged differently, i.e. planar rhombus

Length of equal radiators = 2 to 8 ‘s

Angle of tilt: 40 to 75˚
Rt = 800 ohms
Rin = 650 to 700 ohms
RHOMBIC ANTENNA

Non-resonant antenna used for long

distance sky wave transmission or
reception of horizontally polarized
waves over distances from 200 to
over 3000 miles at frequencies from 4
to 22 MHz.
 RESONANT ANTENNA
Standing waves exist, caused by
the presence of both a reflected
traveling wave and the forward
wave.
Antenna whose length is a multiple
of λ/4’s
HERTZ ANTENNA

An antenna system in which the

ground is not an essential part

Half wave antenna used for

frequencies above 2 MHz

Half Wave Dipole

 MARCONI ANTENNA
Grounded Quarter
Wavelength antenna

Quarter Wavelength antenna

used for frequencies below 2
MHz; omnidirectional

Vertical Monopole
ANTENNA ARRAYS
ANTENNA ARRAY

A radiating system
consisting of individual
radiators or elements
placed close together
so as to be within each
other’s induction field
DRIVEN ELEMENT PARASITIC ELEMENT

Element of an array Radiation not directly

connected to the connected to the output of
output of the the transmitter
transmitter
Receives energy through
the induction field of a
driven element
 REFLECTOR DIRECTOR
A parasitic element
A parasitic element
longer than the driven
shorter than the driven
element and close to it
one from which it
reduces signal
receives energy; tends
strength in its own
to increase radiation in
direction and
its own direction
increases it in the
opposite direction.
BROADSIDE ARRAY
Simplest array which consists of a number of
dipoles of equal size, equally spaced along a
straight line with all dipoles fed in the same phase
from the same source.
Typical antenna length: 2 to 10 ‘s
Typical spacing: λ/2 or λ/4
Number of elements: dozens
 ENDFIRE ARRAY
Physical arrangement is the same
as that of the broadside array
The magnitude of the current in
each element is still the same as
in every other element, there is
now a phase difference between
these currents.
TURNSTILE ARRAY

Consists of two
horizontal, half wave
antennas mounted at
right angles to each
other
 YAGI UDA ANTENNA
An array consisting of a driven element and
one or more parasitic elements arranged
collinearly and close together.
FOLDED DIPOLE
Single antenna
which consists of 2
elements, one is fed
directly and the
other coupled
conductively at the
ends.
LOG PERIODIC ANTENNA
Main feature is frequency
independence for both radiation
resistance and pattern
Bandwidths of 10:1 are
achievable with ease

Radiation patterns: uni and

bidirectional
LOG PERIODIC ANTENNA

Main feature is frequency

independence for both
radiation resistance and
pattern
 PYRAMIDAL ANTENNA
It looks and works in much the
same way as a standard log
periodic antenna, with one big
difference: the two halves of the
transmission line are separated
and positioned as a V, so each half
of the transmission line is in effect
a single wire transmission line. a type of log periodic antenna
UHF AND MICROWAVE
ANTENNAS
 PARABOLIC ANTENNA
Works on the principle of a parabola
Parabola – a plane curve defined as the
locus of a point which moves so that its
distance from another point (called the
focus) plus its distance from a straight
line (directrix) is constant.
 PARABOLIC ANTENNA
All waves coming from the
source and reflected by the
parabola will travel in the
same distance by the time
they reach the directrix, no
matter from what point on the
parabola they are reflected.
 CASSEGRAIN ANTENNA
an antenna in which the radiator is
mounted at or near the surface of a
concave main reflector and is aimed
at a convex secondary reflector
slightly inside the focus of the main
reflector.
BEAMWIDTH Where:
D= mouth diameter, meters

Ф = 70λ / D Ф0 = beamwidth between nulls, degrees

Ф = beamwidth between half power
Ф0 = 2 Ф points, degrees
λ = wavelength, meters
GAIN OF A PARABOLIC ANTENNA
Ap = 6 ( D/λ)2
Where:
D= mouth diameter, meters
Ap = Power Gain
λ = wavelength, meters
GAIN OF A PARABOLIC ANTENNA
Ap =  2 D2/ 2
Where: Ap = Power Gain
D= mouth diameter, meters
 = antenna efficiency
λ = wavelength, meters

Ex. Calculate the beamwidth between nulls of a
1m paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz.
a. 3.5˚
b. 7˚
c. 1.75˚
d. 14˚
Ex. Calculate the gain of the paraboloid reflector
in the previous problem.
a. 9600
b. 2400
c. 1600
d. 2800
HORN ANTENNA

Ideal as primary feed antenna for

parabolic reflectors and lenses
LENS ANTENNA
Used as a collimator of frequencies in
excess of 3 GHz
 HELICAL ANTENNA
Broadband VHF and UHF antenna
which is used when it is desired to
provide circular polarization
characteristics
Consists of a loosely wound helix,
backed up by a ground plane, which is
simply a screen made of chicken wire
DISCONE ANTENNA
A combination of a disk and a cone in
close proximity
Characterized by an enormous
bandwidth for both input impedance
and radiation pattern
A constant angle, low gain antenna;
omnidirectional
 LOOP ANTENNA

Used for direction finding,

because they do not radiate in
a direction at right angles to
the plane of the loop.

For portable domestic receivers Circular or square shaped

 PHASED ARRAY
Group of antennas,
connected to one
transmitter or receiver,
whose radiation beam can
be adjusted electronically
without physically moving
parts; used in radars.
 WHIP ANTENNA
the most common example of a monopole
antenna, an antenna with a single driven
element and a ground plane.

The whip antenna is a stiff but flexible

wire mounted, usually vertically, with one
end adjacent to a ground plane.
 SLOT ANTENNA
consists of a metal surface, usually a
flat plate, with a hole or slot cut out.

When the plate is driven as an

antenna by a driving frequency, the
slot radiates electromagnetic waves
in similar way to a dipole antenna.
NOTCH ANTENNA
An open ended slot antenna

Since the currents are zero

at the middle of the slot, we
may cut the ground plane
here to make a notch
antenna.
ANTENNA SUPPORT
STRUCTURES
ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES

POLE

Used to signify one piece

of structure similar to the
common telephone pole
MAST TOWER
Used to designate a Applied to a
structure made of very large, high
metal or wood which structure, which
may be either in a form in most cases,
of a one piece or
is constructed
sectionalized structure
of metal
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. A non-resonant antenna that is capable of operating
satisfactorily over a relatively wide bandwidth,
making it ideally suited for HF transmission.
a. end-fire array
b. rhombic
c. broadside array
d. log periodic
2. Antenna that is independent of their radiation
resistance and radiation pattern to frequency. It
has bandwidth ratios of 10:1 or greater.
a. loop antenna
b. helical
c. Yagi Uda antenna
d. Log periodic antenna
3. A half wave antenna
a. Hertz
b. Marconi
c. Parabolic
d. Vertical Monopole
4. Antenna which is used very frequently but almost
entirely as a reception antenna and is usually found at
the back of table radios.
a. loop antenna
b. folded antenna
c. rhombic
d. log periodic
5. One of the special purpose antennas which has
broadband VHF and UHF that is ideally suited for
applications for which radiating circular rather than
horizontal or vertical polarized electromagnetic waves
are required.
a. loop antenna
b. phased array
c. folded dipole
d. helical
6. What are the two types of antenna elements?
a. driven and reflector
b. director and reflector
c. parasitic and director
d. driven and parasitic
7. Which one of the following terms does not apply
to the Yagi Uda array?
a. good bandwidth
b. parasitic elements
c. folded dipole
d. high gain
8. Indicate the antenna that is not
wideband.
a. discone
b. folded dipole
c. helical
d. Marconi
9. One of the following is not an omnidirectional
antenna
a. halfwave dipole
b. log periodic antenna
c. discone
d. Marconi
10. One of the following consists of nonresonant
antennas
a. rhombic
b. folded dipole
c. end fire array
d. broadside array
11. Which of the following is best excited
from a waveguide?
a. biconical
b. horn
c. helical
d. discone
12. An antenna that is circularly
polarized
a. parabolic reflector
b. Yagi Uda
c. Helical
d. Circular loop
13. What is the polarization of a discone
antenna?
a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. circular
d. spiral
14. When speaking of antennas, ____ is a section
which would be a complete antenna by itself.
a. image
b. top loading
c. bay
d. quarterwave
15. ______ is an antenna with a number of half
wave antennas in it.
a. antenna array
b. tower
c. omnidirectional
d. rhombic
16. Which antenna radiates an omnidirectional
pattern in the horizontal plane with vertical
polarization?
a. Marconi
b. Discone
c. Horn
d. Helical
17. An antenna with very high gain and very
narrow beamwidth.
a. helical
b. discone
c. horn
d. parabolic dish
18. An open ended slot
antenna
a. helical
b. rhombic
c. notch
d. cassegrain
19. Which antenna is properly
terminated?
a. Marconi
b. Rhombic
c. Dipole
d. Yagi Uda
20. What is the radiation characteristic of a
dipole antenna?
a. omnidirectional
b. bidirectional
c. unidirectional
d. hemispherical
21. An antenna which is one tenth wavelength
long.
a. hertz antenna
b. loop antenna
c. Marconi antenna
d. Elementary doublet
22. What is the minimum number of turns a
helical antenna must have?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
23. An antenna made up of a number of full
wavelengths
a. elementary doublet
b. log periodic
c. long wire
d. whip
24. Which of the following improves
antenna directivity?
a. driven element
b. reflector
c. director
d. parasitic element
25. The frequency of operation of a dipole
antenna cut to a length of 3.4 m
a. 88 MHz
b. 44 MHz
c. 22 MHz
d. 11 MHz
26. Where are the voltage nodes in a half wave
antenna?
a. at the ends
b. three quarters of the way from the feedpoint
towards the end
c. one half of the way from the feedpoint towards the
end
d. at the feedpoint
27. A simple half wavelength antenna
radiates the strongest signal
a. at 45 degrees to its axis
b. parallel to its axis
c. at right angles to its axis
d. at 60 degrees to its axis
28. An antenna array which is highly directional at
right angles to the plane of the array
a. Broadside
b. End fire
c. Turnstile
d. Log periodic
29. What is the usual electrical length of a driven
element in an HF beam antenna?
a. λ/4
b. λ/2
c. 3/4 λ
d. 1 λ
30. The input terminal impedance at the center
of a folded dipole antenna
a. 72 Ω
b. 300 Ω
c. 50 Ω
d. 73 Ω
31. The length of a Marconi antenna to operate
with 985 kHz is
a. 200 ft
b. 500 ft
c. 250 ft
d. 999 ft
32. The purpose of stacking elements on an
antenna
a. sharper directional pattern
b. increased gain
c. improved bandpass
d. all of these
33. Which of the following antennas is used for testing
and adjusting a transmitter for proper modulation,
amplifier operation and frequency accuracy?
a. elementary doublet
b. real
c. isotropic
d. dummy
34. A resonant half wave dipole in free space has a feed
line current of 1 amp. How much power appears at the
input to the feedpoint?
a. 73 w
b. 146 w
c. 219 w
d. 292 w.
35. What would be the physical size of a Hertz antenna
operating at 74.784 MHz? (k=0.95)
a. 71 in
b. 75 in
c. 79 in.
d. 150 in
36. The efficiency of an antenna is 82%. Its radiation
resistance is 30 ohms. What is the value of its loss
resistance?
a. 75 ohms
b. 15 ohms
c. 12 ohms
d. 6.58 ohms
37. System of buried conductors that improves ground
conductivity
a. Counterpoise
b. Antenna Coupler
c. Earth Mat
d. Top Load
38. The antenna property of interchangeability for
transmitting and receiving electromagnetic energy under
the same radio frequency is referred to as
a. Back to back
b. maximum energy
c. retransmission
d. reciprocity
39. A region in front of a paraboloid antenna
a. Fresnel
b. transition zone
c. fraunhoffer
d. any of these
40. Calculate the gain (relative to an isotropic) of a
parabolic antenna that has a diameter of 3 m, an
efficiency of 60% and operates at a frequency of 4 GHz.
a. 39.8 dBi
b. 41.94 dBi
c. 37.66dBi
d. 79.53 dBi
 Phil Lomboy po,
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