IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Background
1. Energy conservation equation
P V2 If there is no friction
  gh  Const.
 2
V2
What is ?
2
1
mV 2  Kinetic energy
2
1 2 Kinetic energy
V 
2 Unit mass
V2P Total energy

   gh 
 2 Unit mass
Background
2. If there is frictional loss , then
 P V2   P V2  Frictional loss
   gh      gh  
  2 inlet   2 outlet Unit mass
In many cases
Voutlet  Vinlet
houtlet  hinlet
P Frictional loss
 
 Unit mass

Background
Q. Where are all frictional loss can occur ?

• in pipe, in valves, joints etc
• First focus on pipe friction
In pipe, Can we relate the friction to other properties ?
Flow properties
properties
Fuid properties

Example
Example for general case:
Pvalve  250 Pa
0 gauge
pressure
L  50 m
At the normal operating condition given following data

Shear stress  = 2 Pa
Pvalve  250 Pa
L  50 m
r  0.1 m
V 1 m/ s What should be the pressure at inlet ?
Example (continued)
Solution : taking pressure balance
Pinlet  0  Pvalve  Ppipe

For pipe, Force balance
 r  * P
2
pipe   .  2 rL 
Hence we can find total pressure drop

Flow properties
We have said nothing about fluid flow properties
However , Normally we do not know the Pvalve and Ppipe
Usually they depend on flow properties and fluid

properties
1 2
Pvalve K V  Empirical
2
Ppipe  ?
32 V
Laminar flow Ppipe  L.
D2
Turbulent flow Ppipe  f n  L,  , V , e,  , D 2 
Friction Factor: Definition
In general we want to find 

Define f  (Dimensionless )
1
V 2
2
f is a measure of frictional loss

higher f implies higher friction
This is Fanning-Friction factor ff

Friction factor
So we write
Ppipe  f n  ,......
 .2 rL

 r2
1 2 f .2 rL
 V
2  r2
f .L f .L
 V 2
 2 V 2
D
r
This is for pipe with circular cross section
Ppipe  f n  f ,......
Friction factor: Turbulent Flow
Here f is function of other parameters

For laminar flow , don’t worry about f , just use
32 VL
P 
D2
For turbulent flow , Is it possible to get expression for shear ?

Using log profile
V   K1  K 2 log(Y  )
V  1   2 log( 2 )
Vav  1   2 log( 3 )
where K,  ,  are depends on the  ,  ,  0 ,....
Equation for Friction Factor
Equation relating shear stress and average velocity,
 and  is implicit in 
Because original equation
V   5.5  2.5 ln(Y  )

 V
where V  *
V
y.V  * 0
y 
 V *

 

Equation for Friction Factor
In the implicit equation itself,
1
substitute for  with f , V 2 and we get
2
1
f
 4 log10 Re  f   0.4
This is equivalent of laminar flow equation relating f and Re
(for turbulent flow in a smooth pipe)
V
  
y r  R
 r2 
V  Vm 1  2 
 R 
Friction Factor: Laminar Flow
V 2Vm r V 2Vm
 
r R 2
r r R R
1
  f . Vav2  2Vm R
2
1
For laminar flow Vav  Vm
2
1 2 Vm 4 Vav 8Vav

 f. Vav2   
2 R R D
16 Vav 16  16
 f   
Vav D
2
Vav D Re
Pressure drop using Friction Factor
Use of f is for finding effective shear stress and
corresponding “head loss” or “ pressure drop”
In the original problem, instead of saying “normal operating

condition” we say
m
Vav 1 K valve  0.5
s
1
What is Pvalve ? Pvalve  K .  Vav2
2
Ppipe  ?
Laminar or turbulent? DV 
Re 
IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005 
For turbulent flow
1
f
 4 log10 Re  f   0.4
We can solve for f, once you know f, we can get shear
1
  f . V 2
2
Once you know shear , we can get pressure drop
  * Ppipe   .  2 rL 
 r 2
16
If flow is laminar , ( i.e. Re < 2300 ), we use f 
Re
0 gauge
And original equation becomes,
pressure
1
P  K . V 2  Ppipe
2
1 2 rL
P  K . V  
2
2  r2
2  2 rL
V 2  
1 1
P  K.  f . V 
  r
2
2 2
In above equation the value of f can be substitute from laminar and

turbulent equation
Laminar flow – straight forward
Turbulent flow – iterative or we can use graph
Determination of Q or D
Given a pipe (system) with known D and a specified flow rate
(Q ~ V), we can calculate the pressure needed
i.e. is the pumping requirement
We have a pump: Given that we have a pipe (of dia D), what
is flow rate that we can get?
OR
We have a pump: Given that we need certain flow rate, of

what size pipe should we use?

We have a pump: Given that we have a pipe (of dia D), what
is flow rate that we can get?
To find Q
i.e. To find average velocity (since we know D)
Two methods: (i) Assume a friction factor value and

iterate (ii) plot Re vs (Re2f)
Method (i)
Assume a value for friction factor
Calculate Vav from the formula relating P and f
Calculate Re
Using the graph of f vs Re (or solving equation), re-estimate f; repeat
Method (ii)  1  2 rL
P   f . V 2 
  r
2
2
P D DV 
f  Re 
2 L V 2 
D 2V 2  2 P D
Re 2
f  From the plot of f vs Re,
2 2 L V 2
plot Re vs (Re2f)
D  3 2
P

2 2 L
From the known parameters, calculate Re2f
Calculate Vav
From the plot of Re vs (Re2f), determine Re
We take original example , assume we know p, and need to find V and Q
Let us say
P  2250 Pa
K  0.5
r  0.1
What is V ?
K
P V 2  Ppipe
2
K 2 rL
P V 2  
2  r2
V 2   2  2L
K 1
P  f . V 
2  2  r
2250  250V 2  5*105V 2 f
Iteration 1: assume f = 0.001 gives V = 1.73m/s , Re = 3.5x105, f = 0.0034

Iteration 2: take f = 0.0034 gives V = 1.15m/s , Re = 2.1x105, f = 0.0037
Iteration 3: take f = 0.0037 gives V = 1.04 m/s , Re = 2.07x105, f = 0.0038
If flow is laminar, you can actually solve the equation
32 VL
Ppipe 
D2
32 VL
2250  250V 2

4r 2
2250  250V 2  40V
40  402  4*2250*250

V
2*250
V  2.92 m / s

If you are given pressure drop and Q , we need to find D
V2
P  K .  Ppipe
2
V 2 2 rL
P  K. 
2  r2
V 2  1  2L
P  K.   f . V 2 
2  2  D/2
 
2
   
2
K  Q   f  Q   2L
P      
2 
  2    D/2
D2  
 D 2
 4    4  
8K  Q 2 32 fL  Q 2
P  
 D
2 4
 2 D5
0.4 159.84 f
 2250  4

D D5

Iteration 1: Assume f = 0.01
0.4 1.5984
 2250  4

D D5
 2250 D 5  0.4 D  1.5984  0
Solving this approximately (how?), we get
D 0.24
V  0.69m / s
Re  160000
f  0.0045
Iteration 2: take f = 0.0045 and follow the same procedure

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

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