HYDROELECTRICITY

EE-SEMINAR
 BASIC WATER CYCLE.
 Hydrologic cycle
 How Hydropower Works!
 Water from the
reservoir flows due to
gravity to drive the
turbine.
 Turbine is connected to
a generator.
 Power generated is
transmitted over power
lines.
Technology
Impoundment facility
 Diversion Facility

 Doesn’t require dam

 Facility channels portion
of river through canal or
penstock
 Pumped Storage
 During Storage, water
pumped from lower
reservoir to higher one.
 Water released back to
lower reservoir to generate
electricity.
TYPICAL HYDRO POWER PLANT
 WATER POWER FORMULA

P MW
N=(Ns x H 1.25)/(Pt 0.5)
=(9.81xQxHxtxg)/
Where,
1000
Pt=Turbine output
Where ,Q = Discharge
Ns = Specific speed
in m3/s
 H = Head in metre
t x g =Overall
efficiency
COMPONENT OF POWER HOUSE

    BUS   SWITCH
GOVERNOR GENERATOR DUCT GSU YARD

SPIRAL      
  CASING & TURBINE DRAFT TUBE TAIL RACE
PENSTOC WICKET GATE
K
COMPONENTS HYDROELECTRIC PLANT


a) Diversion and intake
b) Desilting chamber
c) Water conducting system
d) Balancing reservoir
e) Surge tank (if necessary)
f) Penstock
g) Power house: turbine, generator, protection and control
equipment, dewatering, drainage system, auxiliary, power system,
grounding, emergency and standby power system, lighting and
ventilation
Tail race channel.
 POWER HOUSE


The power house is positioned at the toe of the dam
where the suitable rock to lay foundation is available
each turbine is fed by a separate penstock which is
embedded inside the non-overflow section of the
dam. The power house separated from the dam
expansion joints. With a view to minimize the
fluctuations in the tail water level.
 GENERATOR

 TYPE OF GENERATOR:
 INDUCTION
 DC GENERATOR
 SYNCHRONOUS:
 CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
 SALIENT POLE
GENERATOR
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF GENERATOR

 SUPPORT BRACKETS
 STATOR
 ROTOR WITH SHAFT
 EXCITER AND SLIP RINGS
 COOLERS & VENTILATION
 BEARINGS (THRUST & GUIDE )
 LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
 BRAKING & JACKING
 TESTS TO BE PERFORMED ON GENERATOR BEFORE
COMMISSIONING

 MEASUREMENT OF S.C.C.
 EFFICIENCY TEST
 TEMPERATURE RISE TEST
 MOMENTARY OVERLOAD
 OVERSPEED TEST
 INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST( BOTH BEFORE &
AFTER H.V. TEST )
 HIGH VOLTAGE TEST
 BASIC GENERATOR PARAMETER

 RATED OUTPUT
 MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS
 DAMPER WINDING
 CLASS OF INSULATION
 TEMPERATURE RISE
 POWER FACTOR
 NO. OF PHASES
 CONSTRUCTION TYPE
 SPEED
 POWER FACTOR

THE POWER FACTOR IS SELECTED ON THE

BASIS OF THE POWER SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS. A TYPICAL VALUE OF POWER
FACTOR USED FOR HYDROELECTRIC
MACHINES IS 0.90 pu.
HOWEVER, A HYDROELECTRIC GENERATOR
WILL NORMALLY BE OPERATED AS CLOSE TO
UNITY POWER FACTOR AS PRACTICABLE IN
ORDER TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF ITS
IMPROVED EFFICIENCY.
 CONTINUOUS OUTPUT RATING/ CAPACITY

DEFINED AS THE CONTINUOUS OUTPUT

EXPRESSED IN KVA AVAILABLE AT THE
TERMINALS AT A SPECIFIED SPEED,
FREQUENCY, VOLTAGE AND POWER FACTOR
 SPEED

THE MACHINE SPEED DICTATES THE NUMBER

OF POLES (P )AS DERIVED BY THE FOLLOWING
EQUATION :
 NS = 120 f/ P
 P = NUMBER OF POLES
 NS = SPEED (RPM)
 f = FREQUENCY (Hz)
 DAMPER WINDING

IN ORDER TO DAMP OUT THE OSCILLATIONS,

DAMPER WINDING ARE USED WHICH ARE
HOUSED ON THE POLE SHOES/POLE FACES.
IT IS COMMON PRACTICE TO SPECIFY ALL
HYDROELECTRIC MACHINES TO HAVE LOW
RESISTANCE DAMPER WINDINGS
TURBINES
X-SECTION THROUGH KAPLAN TURBINE
X-SECTION THROUGH FRANCIS TURBINE
X-SECTION IMPULSE TURBINE
ROTOR
STATOR SEGMENT
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT OVER THERMAL

 IT CAN BE USED AS SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER

 BETTER STABILITY DUE TO HIGH VALUE OF SCR

 QUICK START/STOP

 PEAKING POWER PLANT

CONT..
LOW RUNNING COST i.e LOW TARIFF

LONGER LIFE

DRAUGHT AND FLOOD CONTROL

IMPROVED IRRIGATION BY ROUTING THE CANALS IN D/S

ENVIRONMENTLY FRIENDLY

POLLUTION FREE

DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
 Disadvantages
 The loss of land under the reservoir.
 Interference with the transport of sediment by the dam.
 Problems associated with the reservoir.
 Climatic and seismic effects.
 Impact on aquatic ecosystems, flora and fauna.
 Loss of land
 A large area is taken up in the form of a reservoir in case of large
dams.

 This leads to inundation of fertile alluvial rich soil in the flood

plains, forests and even mineral deposits and the potential
drowning of archeological sites.

 Power per area ratio is evaluated to quantify this impact. Usually

ratios lesser than 5 KW per hectare implies that the plant needs
more land area than competing renewable resources. However
this is only an empirical relation.
 The End

THANK YOU.