VIDEO PRODUCTION

WHAT IS VIDEO PROCESSING?

The term video
"video" meaning "I see", from the Latin verb
"videre“
several storage formats for moving pictures
VIDEO FORMATS
Digital
 Blu-ray Disc, DVD, QuickTime, and MPEG-4
Analog
 VHS and Betamax
 Can be recorded as PAL or NTSC
3D-Video
 MPEG-4
 Six or eight cameras in capturing
VIDEO RESOLUTIONS
480i(640 x 480, Standard TV)
VGA (640 x 480)
SVGA (800 x 600)
DV NTSC (720 x 480)
DV PAL (720 x 576)
HDV 720p (1280 x 720)
HDV 1080i (1920 x 1080, Full HD)
FRAME RATE
Number of frames per second (fps)
6-8 fps for old mechanical cameras
120 or more fps for new professional cameras.
Format Country Frame Rate
PAL Europe, Asia, Australia 25 fps
SECAM France, Russia, Africa 25 fps
NTSC USA, Canada, Japan 29.97 fps
DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN NTSC AND
PAL
SECTIONS

Planning
Scripting
Shooting Setups
Camera Movements
Lighting
Audio
PLANNING
OBJECTIVE OF VIDEO
What purpose will the video serve
Who is the intended audience
What viewer knowledge is already assumed
(“prerequisites” to viewing the video)
Are there measurable objectives that can be
tested after viewing the video (feedback /
assessment)
PLANNING THE VIDEO
Determine:
 what scenes will need to be shot
 locations and props necessary for each scene
 sequence of events and sequence of shots (what needs to
be displayed at each stage)
 which scenes can be “ganged”
(shot at the same location – but out of time sequence)
CONTINUITY
Think about time progression and time lapses
needed in then finished video
Avoid continuity errors
(changes in clothing in shots that are “minutes
apart”, jewelry and hairstyle changes, daylight
changes (morning sun to high noon)
Scenes that are supposed to be different days
should result in different clothing/hairstyle changes
– even if recorded in the same hour
 NARRATOR COSTUME (HINT)
Having a “standard costume” of the same professional outfit
in every scene
(as narrator or lecturer)
establishes a “look” that can be used for all narration and
lectures
A standard costume avoids continuity errors of scenes shot on
different days
Encourages “professional dress” in players
OUTLINING THE SCENES
Break up the video into a series of scenes
 Each scene should have a specific purpose and a clear beginning and
ending
 Transitions between scenes should be anticipated and addressed in the
scripting and shooting

If an educational video, each scene should have a preview and a

review section
SCRIPTING
SCENE SCRIPTING
What dialogue is needed among the actors?
 Tightly edit the script to remove all but the crucial and necessary
information
 Keep language simple; limit jargon

What information is being communicated, and how can it be

shown most efficiently
What props, locations, or people are needed for the scene
STORYBOARDING
Completed after scene is scripted
Storyboard “previews” each transition in camera shots (what angles and
what is shown in each shot)
Assists in the placement of equipment and making the shooting of scenes
quicker and more efficient (you have a “plan”)
Try to manage scenes as 10 to 30 second shot segments (MTV attention span)
 SAMPLE STORYBOARD
Indicate which persons
are on camera
Indicate direction they
are facing
Show Props in Shots
SHOTS DERIVED FROM STORYBOARDS
Determine what scenes will be shot
Determine the locations and props needed
Scenes do not have to be shot in sequence
 Plan least moves of equipment
 Shoot in a nonlinear fashion to gang scenes needing the same camera setups
 Start scene with a sequence number
(scene and take)
SEQUENCING SHOTS
1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12

1 3 6 9 11 2

5 7 10 4 8 12
SHOOTING SETUPS
2 CAMERA SETUPS WORK BEST
2 CAMERAS
dramatically reduces work load – since the transition shots
can be done in one-take
allows one camera to do a cut-away shot while the other
camera repositions
if tracks are in-sync, editing transitions and audio tracks is
easier and more efficient
2-CAMERA SETUPS
One Person Narrative
 Front
 Side

Two Person Interview

 35 degree left
 35 degree right

One Person Lecture

 Front
 Visual Aids
 ONE PERSON NARRATIVE
One camera face close-
up
One camera on angle
(newscaster spin)
TWO PERSON INTERVIEW
Cameras “over the shoulder” of each speaker
Cut video back and forth for exchanges
 ONE PERSON LECTURE
One camera face close-up
2nd Camera is movable for documents
and for demonstrations Document
camera
Video feed from computer can also be
taped
 DEMONSTRATION SETUP
Two cameras that can pan quickly to
capture motion and action
Overhead camera useful for capturing
work surfaces

Panning Cameras
 GROUP ACTIVITIES
One camera is wide-angle
Another camera for tele-
zoom shots
CAMERA MOVEMENT
HINTS
ESTABLISHING SHOT
(OPENING CREDITS SEQUENCE)
Start wide angle / still (background / setting)
Cut new camera angles / still (opening credits / sequence)
Some simple backgrounds to overlay text
BEGIN SCENE SHOT
Zoom in close (on detail or face)
After establishment of scene, slowly zoom out
Slow pans (Left/Right) to show context of scene
DIALOGUE
Wide shot to include all speakers
Cut aways (instead of panning camera) to each speaker
Cut aways to listeners (to get reactions and nods)
DEMONSTRATION
Wide shot to include setup
Close-up on narrator’s face as preview is described
Cut-away shots (during narration) to show items needed
2-angle shots (one wider, and one close-up on action)
LECTURE / LABS
Wide shot to include classroom
Close-up shot on speaker during introduction
2-camera setup on speaker
 One camera for close-ups on speaker
 Lecture: 2nd camera is wider to show whiteboards & screens
 Labs: 2nd camera is on a dolly to move to show action
LIVE ACTION (THEATRE / SPORTS)
Wide angle camera to show context
2-camera setup (wide & motion)
 Wide camera is to cut-away as the motion camera repositions
 Motion camera on tripod or dolly to allow for smooth pans and
zooms
LIGHTING
2 LIGHT SETUP – ONE PERSON
Main Light: Front Umbrella at
slight angle
Background / separation light
(hair halo) at opposite side of
main light
 2 LIGHT SETUP – TWO PERSON
Main Light: Overhead &
back light
Front fill light
2 LIGHT SETUP – LECTURE /
DEMONSTRATION
Main Light: Overhead & front
Side Accent Light
 CLASSROOM/WIDE SETUP
Wide / broad
lighting at 30-
angles to
subjects
One light closer
(to create
shadow depth)
AUDIO
SINGLE SPEAKER / NARRATOR
(ON-CAMERA)
Wireless microphone positioned 6” under chin
NARRATION (NOT ON CAMERA)
Microphone placed about 8” above of and in-front of
speaker
 Avoids “popping” the P’s on the microphone
 Avoids desk “shuffle noise”
 Allows clear site of script
DIALOGUE / CONVERSATION
Boom microphone placed above and in-between speakers,
OR
Separate lapel microphones on each speaker run into a
mixer
GROUP ACTIVITY
(THEATER / CLASSROOM)
Separate microphones routed into a mixer
Microphones placed above participants at equal distances from
center or action
If possible, recording each microphone on a different audio track (so
that in post-production, microphone levels can be adjusted or dropped
from the mix)
TASK
Produce a video clip, that will be assessed according to the
following:
The storyboard design (storyboard worksheet) (30%)
Video product
(50%)
Video shooting technique
(20%)
Video editing technique
(20%)
Overall
(10%)
Presentation
(20%)
 Assessment Rubric
Task Need improvement Average Good Excellent Weighting
(1 point) (2 point) (3 points) (4 points)

Story board Story board is irrelevant & Story board only shows Story board can be Story board can be 30
creation incomplete. insufficient idea. presented clearly. presented clearly, accurately
and useful.
Video - Video is unorganized. Video is interesting. Video is interesting Video is organized and 20
shooting and meaningful. professional.
technique

Video - Video effect is not Video effect is Video effect is Video effect is attractive and 20
editing appropriate. appropriate. appropriate and professional.
technique interesting.

Video - Audiences cannot follow Audiences have Information is in Information is in a logical 10

Organization the sequence of the difficulty in following logical sequence that sequence that can draw the
of information information at all. presentation. audiences can follow interest of the audiences.
easily.
Presentation - Student has no eye Student spends most of Student can maintain Student maintains eye 5
Eye contact contact with audiences at the time on reading the eye contact with contact with most audiences,
all. notes. audiences. and seldom returns to notes.

Presentation - Student mumbles, has a Student has a low voice, Student has a clear Student uses a clear voice 5
Eloquent and low voice, and incorrect and incorrect voice, and correct with appropriate intonation,
tone pronunciation. pronunciation. pronunciation. and correct pronunciation.

Presentation - Poor use of multimedia Relevant use of Use multimedia Effective use of multimedia 10
Use of elements. multimedia elements elements that are elements to enhance
multimedia learnt. helping in deliver a interesting communication.
clear message.