Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DM Scaffold Training 2016
DM Scaffold Training 2016
Course Outcome
(Trainee will be able to understand)
Legal & Training Requirement. (Golden Rule)
Understand Scaffold Terminology.
Understand New Standard / Guidance's (BS EN12811)
Inspector Safety compliance.
PPE / PERMIT / BARRICATION Requirements.
Able to prepare a “Scaffold Checklist”
Inspection Techniques.
Signing a Scaff-Tag
AGENDA
AGENDA
?What is SCAFFOLDING
Risk
Assessment
&
Responsibilities
ENVIRONMENT
8
SCAFFOLDING Hazards
Employees working on scaffolds are exposed to these
hazards:
6 – 18 inches
Corner planks laid first, 90°planks on top
PLATFORM
01
Not planked
PLATFORM
02
structure Not
planked
Less than 1 in. max
?
?
??
3 meters
3 meters
Over load
Evenly distributed
??
?
Top & Middle rail
Old pipe
belt PPE
allowances helmet
ledger
uniform
ladder
planks
scafftag
center support
1.Qualification
2.Sufficient experience
3.Knowledge
4.Authorization
5.Valid operator license
6.Basic risk assessment practice
65
OSHA 1926.451(e)(6) –The employer shall have a
competent person.
67
1.Ensure weather condition
2.Ensure ground condition
3.Ensure proximity hazard
4.Ensure electrical hazard
5.Ensure road and traffic hazard
68
Classification
of
SCAFFOLDING
Types of Scaffoldings
Frame Scaffolding
The primary steel
scaffolding system.
It is primarily for
rectangular jobs.
It is relatively simple
and fast to erect,
provided the surface is
level, and the access is
not restricted.
Types of Scaffoldings
Frame Scaffolding
OSHA refers to frame
scaffolds as sectional
steel scaffold.
Platforms supported
by rigid, load bearing
members, such as
poles, legs, frames,
& outriggers.
Suspended Scaffolds
Platforms suspended by
ropes or other non-rigid,
overhead support.
Aerial Lifts Scaffolds
such as “cherry pickers” or
“boom trucks”
Mobile Scaffolding
Mobile scaffolds are a type of
supported scaffold set on wheels or
casters. They are designed to be easily
moved and are commonly used for
things like painting and plastering,
where workers must frequently change
position.
SCAFFOLDER
ACCESSORIES
DIGITAL TORQUE WRENCH
SCAFFOLD
MATERIALS
STANDARDS
CLAMPS
TOEBOARD
CLAMPS
LADDER
CLAMPS
PLANKS
Timber and timber based materials
Timber shall be stress graded in accordance with EN 338.
If a protective coating is used, it shall not prevent the
discovery of defects in the material.
Plywood for platform units shall have at least five plies and a
minimum thickness of 9 mm.
Plywood platform units assembled ready for use shall be
capable of retaining a circular steel bar of 25 mm
diameter and 300 mm length falling endwise from a height of
1 m.
Plywood shall have a good durability with regard to climatic
conditions.
A finished scaffold board shall be of the length described by the supplier, with a
tolerance of ±25 mm, except in the case of boards of basic length greater than 3.9
m, for which the tolerance on length shall be ±50 mm.
Target cross-sectional sizes
Thickness mm Width mm
38 ±2 225 ±5
63 ±3 225 ±5
BASEPLATES
The maximum design load from the working scaffold
to the foundations. The area of the end plate shall be a
minimum of 150 cm2. The minimum width shall be 120
mm.
Position the
adjustable
jacks with
base plate,
sole plate
and mud
sills.
ADJUSTABLE
JACKS
Base jacks shall be provided with a centrally positioned adjusting spindle of such dimensions that, in the unloaded
condition, the greatest inclination of the axis of the shaft from the axis of the standard does not exceed 2,5 %.
The minimum overlap length at any position of adjustment shall be 25 % of the total length of the shaft, or 150
mm
whichever is greater. The thickness of the endplate shall be at least 6 mm. Shaped endplates shall have at least the
same rigidity.
CASTER
WHEELS
JOINT PIN
The overlapping length of the spigot is at least 150 mm and
the play between the nominal inner diameter of the tube and
the nominal outer diameter of the spigot is not greater than
4 mm.
or
The overlapping length of the spigot is at least 80 mm and
the play between the nominal inner diameter of the tube and
the nominal outer diameter of the spigot is not greater than
2 mm.
STORAGE OF MATERIAL
SCAFFOLDING
INSPECTION
SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGY
(Assessment Part)
TOP RAIL
MID RAIL
DROP BAR
FALSE UPRIGHT
0.95m – 1.15
m
(38”-45”)
36” min.
RUNNER (LEDGER)
TRANSVERSE BRACING
BASE LIFT
(KICKER LIFT)
BASE PLATE
SILL (SOLE BOARD)
I. SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGY
RUNNERS
(LEDGERS)
RUNNERS &
BEARERS
INSTALLED
BEARERS INSIDE POSTS
(TRANSOMS) TYP.
POST
(STANDARD)
BASE PLATES
SILLS (SOLE
BOARDS) BASE LIFT
(KICKER LIFT)
I. SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGY
BEARERS RUNNERS
(TRANSOMS) (LEDGERS)
BAY LENGTH
BAY SCAFFOLD
WIDTH
LIFT
6” HEIGH
T
POST
(STANDARD)
BASE LIFT
(Foot Tie or Kicker
Lift)
FALL PROTECTION
Each person who could fall more than 1.8 m. (6 ft.) shall be protected
from falling by means of guardrail systems or personal fall arrest
systems.
GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS
Guardrail system shall be able to withstand a force of at least 90kg.
(200 lbs.) It consists:
1. Toprails - top edge height of toprails self closing
shall not be less than 0.95 m. (38 “) drop bar
false
and not more than 1.15 m. (45”) upright
above the walking/working surface of a toprails (puncheon)
platform. midrail
2. Midrails – installed approximately s
halfway between the walking/working
surface and toprail.
3. Toeboards – shall have no more than 6
mm. (1/4”) gap above the working
surface and should withstand a force of
at least 23 kg (50 lbs).
toeboard
s
PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEMS
Full body harnesses, lanyards, lifelines or overhead structural anchorage,
and other components of personal fall arrest system shall have a
capacity of at least 2,300 kgs. (5,000 lbs.).
Lanyards shall have a maximum length of 1.8 m. (6 ft.) thus it shall be
anchored high enough to prevent the worker from free falling more than
6 feet (1.8m.) or striking any lower level should a fall occur.
Horizontal and vertical lifelines shall be made from 10 mm. (3/8”)
min. diameter wire rope. Horizontal lifelines shall be maintained with a
sag at the center of no greater than 300mm.. (12”) for every 10 m.
(33 ft.) of lifeline length between attachments.
LADDERS
A slope of 4:1, side rails rigidly attached to supporting structure (top, middle, bottom).
Rungs uniformly spaced between 250 mm (10”) and 360 mm (14”) although 300 mm
(12 inches) is preferred.
Shall have a minimum clear distance of 760 mm (30”) to the nearest protruding object
on the climbing side. This distance maybe reduced to 610 mm (24 inches) if deflector
plates are provided.
Distance on the climbing side to the nearest object on the back side of the ladder shall be
no less than 250 mm (10 inches). When unavoidable a minimum vertical toe clearance
of 100 mm. (4”) shall apply.
GENERAL
Scaffold components manufactured by different manufacturers should not be
intermixed unless the components are compatible and the scaffold’s structural
integrity is maintained.
All defective scaffold component s shall be marked with bright fluorescent orange
paint and immediately removed from property or project site.
CROSS TUBE
SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USE
If the front edge of a working platform is less than 360 mm. (14”) from
the face of the wall or structure, guardrails do not need to be erected
from that edge.
For medium-duty and more heavily loaded scaffolds, at least one board
bearer (intermediate transom) shall be used in every bay at each
platform level.
Planks should be secured on both ends by using fiber rope/wire lashing,
clamped toe boards or other equivalent means. Planks & toe boards
should not be nailed.
The slope of platform units shall not exceed 1 vertical to 4 horizontal.
Scaffold platforms, landings, and walkways should be at least 675 mm.
(27”) (3planks) wide, including during erection, dismantling and
alteration.
Scaffold materials shall not be thrown or dropped from heights.
SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USE
Gaps between platform units shall be less than 25 mm. (1”) wide.
When larger gaps are unavoidable, they shall be covered as follows:
o Gaps less than 600 mm. (2’) in width shall be covered at least 20
mm. (1”) thick, exterior grade plywood. Plywood covering shall be
overlapped with at least the width of the gap, 12” min., on both
sides of the opening and held with cleats.
o Gaps larger than 600 mm. (2’) in width shall be covered with
properly secured cross planks.
Safe landings shall be provided at the top of all ladders and at least every
9m. (30’) of ladder height.
If an internal ladder is used, opening shall be at least 675mm. (27”) (3
planks) wide & not less than 900mm (36”) deep.
If an external ladder is used, step-through opening width on guardrails
shall not be less than 675 mm. (27”) or more than 760 mm. (30”).
The slope of scaffold platform units shall not exceed 1 vertical to 4
horizontal.
SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USE
CLEARANCES
Scaffold operations adjacent to overhead power lines are prohibited
unless one of the following conditions are satisfied:
o The power line has been de-energized, relocated, or protective
coverings installed to prevent accidental contact with the lines. It
should be lockout/tag out.
o Satisfies clearance between scaffold and power lines.
CLEARANCES BETWEEN SCAFFOLDS AND POWER LINES:
Alternative: 2x the length of the line insulator but never less than 3 meter (10 feet).
TOEBOARD
CLIPS
RUNNER
(LEDGER)
BEARER
(TRANSOM)
RIGHT-ANGLE
(DOUBLE) COUPLER
POST
(STANDARD)
1/4” THK.
(Min.) BASE
PLATE
SILL
LONGITUDINAL
TRANSVERSE (FAÇADE) BRACING
ADJUSTABLE CROSS (“X”) 150 150
(SWIVEL) COUPLER BRACING mm. mm.
(6”) (6”)
Min. Min.
HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
No lift height shall exceed 2m.
HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
Bearers (transoms) and board bearers (intermediate transom) shall be
installed on top of and not underneath supporting runners.
TOEBOARD
CLIPS
RUNNER
(LEDGER)
BEARER
(TRANSOM)
RIGHT-ANGLE
(DOUBLE) COUPLER POST
(STANDARD)
210
VERTICAL BRACING ( Transverse “Zigzag” Bracing)
For wide scaffolds
VERTICAL BRACING
(Transverse “X” Bracing)
Transverse (sectional) “X”
bracing: the first two diagonal
braces are installed forming an
“X” shape. Thus, the first brace
is installed from the base of the
first post (standard) diagonally
upward to the first lift at the post
(standard) required for the base
to be between 35 and 55
degrees (may be across two
bays in one lift height). The
second brace is installed from the
base of the same post (standard)
diagonally upward to the first
post (standard). This “X” bracing
should be repeated up to the
height of the scaffold at least
every third lift (two adjacent
open lift heights permitted.
212
VERTICAL BRACING (Transverse “X” Bracing)
For wide scaffolds, such transverse “X” bracing shall be repeated across
the width of the scaffold such that no more than 3 adjacent bays are
open without transverse bracing. This set of transverse “X” braces shall be
installed at both scaffold ends and repeated along the length of the scaffold
at least every third line of posts (standards).
213
VERTICAL BRACING (Longitudinal “Facade” Bracing)
Longitudinal (façade) bracing for a scaffold whose length is greater than its
height: A diagonal brace shall be installed from the base of the first post (standard)
upward, at between 35 and 55 degrees, to the extreme top of the scaffold. This
longitudinal bracing shall be repeated along the length of the scaffold at least every 5th
posts (standard). This longitudinal (façade) bracing shall be installed in opposite
directions, along the front (inner) and rear (outer) lines of posts (standards).
214
VERTICAL BRACING
(Longitudinal “Facade” Bracing)
216
MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTION
MOBILE SCAFFOLD
220
MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTION
YELLOW SCAFFOLD
TAG
Indicates the
scaffold has been
inspected and may
be used only by
workers wearing a
properly anchored
personal fall arrest
system, including a
full body harness
and lanyard.
GUARDRAILS & EDGE
PROTECTION
Deflection of fencing structures
The grid of a fencing structure shall not deflect more
than 100 mm with reference to its supports.
When a fencing structure is combined with a guardrail,
the requirements for a guardrail shall be satisfied
separately.
Faces of scaffolds shall be covered with tarpaulin
sheeting covers (Containment Sheeting) to protect
against scattering of dust and debris on people
and cars in the street. (in this case, wind loads
shall be considered)
LOADS
There are three main types of loading which need to be
considered:
a) Permanent loads; these shall include the self weight of the
scaffold structure, including all components, such as
platforms, fences, fans and other protective structures and
any ancillary structures such as hoist towers.
b) Variable loads; these shall include service loads (loading
on the working area, loads on the side protection) and
wind loads and, if appropriate, snow and ice loads
c) Accidental loads
LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
LIGHT-DUTY SCAFFOLD LOADING
LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
Embossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing
Transverse post Longitudinal Post
Embosse Number of 225mm (9”)
Spacing Spacing
d wide planks per bay
(Bearer/Transom (Runner/Ledger
Tubing width
Span) Span)
Option 1 4 1.0 m (3.25 ft.) 2.7 m (9.0 ft.) max.
Option 2 5 1.2 m (4.0 ft.) 2.4 m (8.0 ft.) max.
OPTION 1
LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
Embossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing
OPTION 2
LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
Larger post spacing may be used if justified by structural calculations or load test
submitted for review, along with material tensile/yield stress test reports for the specific
scaffold tubing to be used.
All light-duty tube & coupler scaffolds may have a maximum of three working levels in
use at any one time only when there are no additional levels where platform units are
installed. The maximum total number of levels that can be planked at one time depends
on the number of working levels simultaneously used by workers. The maximum
uniformly distributed load on each working level shall be 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25
lb./ft2).
Light-duty tube & coupler scaffolds requiring more than the above working
or planked levels, or over the maximum heights shown in the table, shall be
classified as a Special Scaffold. Preferably, a properly designed system
scaffold should be used instead of tube & coupler construction for scaffolds
over 38 m. (125 ft.) tall
MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
MEDIUM-DUTY LOADING
MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
All tubing used to construct Medium-duty and more heavily loaded tube &
coupler scaffolds shall be embossed.
Maximum post spacing for medium-duty scaffolds:
OPTION 1
254
MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
Maximum post spacing for medium-duty scaffolds:
OPTION 2
MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
Larger post spacing may be used if justified by structural calculations or
load test submitted for review, along with material tensile/yield stress test
reports for the specific scaffold tubing to be used.
Medium-duty tube & coupler scaffolds requiring more than the above
working or planked levels, or over the maximum heights shown in the
table, shall be classified as a Special Scaffold and shall be properly
designed and reviewed. Preferably, a properly designed system scaffold
should be used instead of tube & coupler construction for scaffolds over
38 m. (125 ft.) tall
Types of Scaffolds - Load
Light duty scaffold: A scaffold designed and
constructed to carry a working load not to exceed
25 pounds per square foot.
150kg/m²
Medium duty scaffold: A scaffold designed and
constructed to carry a working load not to exceed
50 pounds per square foot.
200kg/m²
(Ledger)
2.4m
Medium duty 1.2mx2.1m 1.8x2.4m
Working platform (4x7feet) (6x8feet) 1.8m
Bearer diameter 5cm 6.25cm
(Ledger)
1.8m
Heavy duty 2m X 2m
Working platform 66̍ x 66̍ 1.8m
Bearer diameter 6.25cm
(Ledger)
LOAD CALCULATION
1.2 1.2/1.8 2
Light Duty 150kg/m²
Medium Duty 200kg/m²
Area=3mx2m=6m²
Heavy Duty 250kg/m²
3m
2m 3 2.1/2.4 2