DISASTER MANAGEMENT

PRESENTED BY:
THEJASETUO SOTE
SUBHAM PAUL
BIJUMONI RAY
DIGVIJAY BORA
MRINMOY GOSWAMI
Structural analysis is the determination of the effects
of loads and forces for physical structures and
their components.

Structures subject to this type of analysis include all

that must withstand loads, such as buildings, bridges,
vehicles, furniture.

Structural analysis employs the fields of applied

mechanics, materials science and applied
mathematics to compute a structure's deformations,
internal forces, stresses, support reactions,
accelerations, and stability.

The results of the analysis are used to verify a

structure's fitness for use. Structural analysis is thus a
key part of the engineering design of structures.
Source: structural-analysis[Engineersdaily.com]

To design a structure, an engineer must account for its safety, aesthetics, and
serviceability, while considering economic and environmental constraints
 STATIC ANALYSIS

A static analysis calculates the effects

of steady loading conditions on a structure.

A static structural analysis determines the

displacements, stresses, strains, and forces in
structures or components caused by loads that do
not induce significant inertia and damping effects.

Steady loading and response conditions are

assumed; that is, the loads and the structure's
response are assumed to vary slowly with respect
to time.

 The types of loading that can be applied in a

static analysis include:

Externally applied forces and pressures

Steady-state inertial forces (such as gravity)
Imposed (nonzero) displacements
Temperatures (for thermal strain)
Source: civilmac.com
 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

A dynamic analysis calculates the effects

of time dependant force on a structure.

A dynamic analysis is also related to the

inertia forces developed by a structure
when it is excited by means of dynamic
loads applied suddenly (e.g., wind blasts,
explosion, earthquake).

Displacements, velocities, accelerations,

forces, and stresses are time or frequency-
varying characteristics that make Dynamic Source: Structural Dynamics and the Institute
Analysis more complicated and more of Steel Construction, CWE

realistic than static analysis.

 HORIZONTAL ACCLERATION DUE TO EARTHQUAKE
INTRODUCTION:
• Peak ground acceleration (PGA) is equal to the maximum ground acceleration that occurred
during earthquake shaking at a location.
• Earthquake shaking generally occurs in all three directions. Therefore, PGA is often split into
the horizontal and vertical components.
• The peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) is the most commonly used type of ground acceleration
in engineering applications.
 HOW IS IT CALCULATED?
• HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION DUE TO EARTHQUAKE CAN BE
CALCULATED BY USING AN INSTRUMENT CALLED SEISMOSCOPE.

• It consists of a smoked watch glass attached to a two-degree-of-

freedom pendulum.
• A pen records the pendulum motions on the watch glass.
• One point on the displacement spectrum of the recorded ground
motion at this period and damping obtained from the measurement
of the maximum pendulum excursion.

LABELED DIAGRAM OF A SEISMOGRAPH

RECORDING OF A SEISMOGRAPH SHOWING THE MAGNITUDE OF

HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION INDICATED BY THE IRRAGULARITY OF THE
PEN ON WATCH GLASS
Response-
spectrum analysis
• (RSA) is a linear-dynamic
statistical analysis method which
measures the contribution from each
natural mode of vibration to indicate
the likely maximum
seismic response of an essentially
elastic structure.
• Response-spectrum analysis provides
insight into dynamic behavior by
measuring pseudo-spectral
acceleration, velocity, or displacement
as a function of structural period for a
given time history and level
of damping.
• It is practical to envelope response
spectra such that a smooth curve
represents the peak response for each
realization of structural period.
Response-spectrum analysis
• Response spectra are curves plotted between
maximum response of SDOF system subjected
to specified earthquake ground motion and its
time period (or frequency).
• Response spectrum can be interpreted as the
locus of maximum response of a SDOF system
for given damping ratio.
• Response spectra thus helps in obtaining the
peak structural responses under linear range,
which can be used for obtaining lateral forces
developed in structure due to earthquake thus
facilitates in earthquake-resistant design of
structures.
• The codal provisions as per IS:1893 (Part 1)-
2002 code for response spectrum analysis of
multi-story building is also summarized.
Factor Influencing Response Spectra
The response spectral values depends upon the following parameters,

I) Energy release mechanism

II) Epicentral distance
III) Focal depth
IV) Soil condition
V) Richter magnitude
VI) Damping in the system
VII) Time period of the system
DETERMINING SEISMIC FORCES ( source 6.4.1 pg no 14 IS 1893)

The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure shall be determined by the
following expression:

Provided that for any structure with T <0.1 s, the value of Ah will not be taken less than Z/2
whatever be the value of I/R
Where,

Z =Zone factor, is for the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE ) and service life of structure in a
zone. The factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used so as to reduce the Maximum Considered
Earthquake ( MCE ) zone factor to the factor for design basis earthquake(DBE).

I =Importance factor , depending upon the functional use of the structures, characterized by
hazardous consequences of its failure , post-earthquake functional needs ,historical value ,
economic importance .

R = Response reduction factor , depending on the perceived seismic damage performance of the
structure , characterized by ductile or brittle deformations . However , the ratio (I/R) shall not be
grater than 1.0. the values of R for buildings are given in table 7.

Sa/g =Average response acceleration coefficient

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATIC
AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
• A dynamic analysis is also related to the inertia forces developed by a
structure when it is excited by means of dynamic loads applied suddenly
(e.g., wind blasts, explosion, earthquake)

• A static load is one which varies very slowly. A dynamic load is one which
changes with time fairly quickly in comparison to the structure's natural
frequency. If it changes slowly, the structure's response may be
determined with static analysis, but if it varies quickly (relative to the
structure's ability to respond), the response must be determined with a
dynamic analysis.
• A static load is one which varies very slowly. A dynamic load is
one which changes with time fairly quickly in comparison to the
structure's natural frequency.
• If it changes slowly, the structure's response may be
determined with static analysis, but if it varies quickly (relative
to the structure's ability to respond), the response must be
determined with a dynamic analysis.
• Dynamic analysis for simple structures can be carried out
manually, but for complex structures finite element analysis can
be used to calculate the mode shapes and frequencies.
• A static force is one which produces no acceleration in the
acting body.
• A dynamic force is one which produces acceleration in a body.
i.e dv/dt≠0. where v = velocity of body subjected to force.
• A static force does not vary with time.
• A dynamic force always varies with time.
 WHICH ONE IS BETTER?
WHY?
• Dynamic analysis better than static analysis.
• Because –
• The displacement obtained by static analysis are
higher than dynamic analysis.
• Static analysis is not sufficient for high-rise buildings
and it’s necessary to provide dynamic analysis
(because of specific & nonlinear distribution of
force).
• The results of equivalent static analysis are
approximately uneconomical because values of
displacement are higher than dynamic analysis.
THANK YU