FOUNDATIONS

SHIWANGI NAGORI
TODS SEM 7 R.N.17
 Foundation
 Structure who support the weight of the upper structure and applied
loads.
 Designed to transmit building load to the supportive soils or rock.
 Foundation failure : collapse or excessive settlement of a building
supporting structure resulting from soil movement.
 Types of foundation include footings, piles and piers.
 Foundation Anatomy
 Foundation
I. Design and selection of foundation depends on:
 Total load of building

 Nature and bearing capacity of soil

II. Causes of settlement

are;
• Deformation of soils
causing by an
imposed load
• Volume changes of
soil cause by
seasonal conditions.
• Mass movements of
ground in an unstable
areas.
 Shallow Foundations
Shallow foundations are those founded near to the finished ground
surface; generally where the founding depth (Df) is less than the width
of the footing and less than 3m
 Shallow Foundations

I. Spread Foundations
II. Pad/Isolated Foundations
III. Strip Foundations
IV. Combine Both
V. Raft Foundation
Foundations – Strip Foundation
Strip foundations are used to support a line of loads, either due to a
load-bearing wall, or if a line of columns need supporting where column
positions are so close that individual pad foundations would be
inappropriate.
 Foundations – Spread foundations
Also known as Footer
The foundation consists of concrete slabs located under each structural column
and a continuous slab under load-bearing walls
It is an enlargement at the bottom of a column/wall that spreads the applied
structural loads over a sufficiently large soil area
For the spread foundation system the structural load is literally spread out over a
broad area under the building
Used in small to medium size structure with moderate to good soil condition
Each column & each wall has its own spread footing, so each structure may
include dozens of individual footings
Foundations – Pad / Isolated Foundation
Pad foundations are used to support an individual point load such as that due to a
structural column. They may be circular, square or rectangular.

They usually consist of a block or slab of uniform thickness, but they may be
stepped or hunched if they are required to spread the load from a heavy column.
Pad foundations are usually shallow, but deep pad foundations can also be used.
 Foundations – Raft Foundation
Raft foundations are used to
spread the load from a structure
over a large area, normally the
entire area of the structure.

They are used when column

loads or other structural loads
are close together and individual
pad foundations would interact.

BACK
Deep Foundations
 Deep foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished
ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by
surface conditions, this is usually at depths >3 m below finished
ground level
 Deep Foundations

I. Pile
II. Pier
III. Caissons
Foundations – Pile Foundation
Structures place on top of
the piles.
Piles + Pile Cap = Pile
foundation
Function : Distributes load to
the individual piles.
Pile Cap will connect the pile
together and distributes the
superstructure loads to the
layer beneath.
 Pile Foundation
- Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the
load of the structure to the bearing ground located at some depth below
ground surface
- The main components of the foundation are the pile cap and the piles
- Piles are long and slender members which transfer the load to deeper soil or
rock of high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing capacity
- The main types of materials used for piles are Wood, steel and concrete
FUNCTIONS OF PILES
- to transmit a
foundation load to a
solid ground
- to resist vertical, lateral
and uplift load
 Pile Foundation

Classifications of Piles – End Bearing and skin friction

- End bearing piles are those

which terminate in hard, relatively
impenetrable material such as
rock or very dense sand and
gravel.

Friction piles obtain a greater part

of their carrying capacity by skin
friction or adhesion.
This tends to occur when piles do
not reach an impenetrable
stratum .
 Pile Foundation
Classifications of piles with respect to type of material

TIMBER PILES CONCRETE PILES STEEL PILES

Concrete is used to
Timber can be used for Steel can be used for both
manufacture of precast
manufacture of temporary temporary and permanent
concrete piles, cast in place
piles and also for works. They are suitable for
and pre-stressed concrete
permanent ones in regions handling and driving for
piles. Pre-stressed concrete
where timber is readily and piles with prolonged
piles are becoming more
economically available. It’s lengths.
approved than the ordinary
most suitable for long
pre-cast as less
cohesion piling and piling
reinforcement is required.
under embankments.
 Pier Foundation
A pier foundation is a collection of large
diameter cylindrical columns to support the
superstructure and transfer large super-imposed
loads to the firm strata below. It stood several
feet above the ground. It is also known as “post
foundation”.
• Spacing of Piers
Pier foundations usually are built 1-1.5 feet
above the ground.
This gap (how far apart are foundation piers) is
necessary to prevent the moisture as the
moisture damages the wooden structures.
• The diameter of piers is usually 6 in, 8 in, 10in, Shape and Size of piers
16in. The depth of pier foundation is below the
freezing depth. The depth is around 5-6ft. The shape of the piers is:
• The piers can be made from varied materials •Square
•Wood •Rectangular
•Brick •Circle
•Solid concrete