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01 Basics of Data Analytics and Machine Learning
01 Basics of Data Analytics and Machine Learning
MACHINE LEARNING
TOPICS COVERED
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PROBABILITY & STATISTICS
EVENT
In probability, the set of outcomes from an experiment is known as an Event
a. Let us consider an example you conduct an experiment by tossing a coin. The
outcome of this experiment is the coin landing ‘heads’ or ‘tails’. These can be said
to be the events connected with the experiment. So when the coin lands tails, an
event can be said to have occurred.
SAMPLE SPACE
In probability theory, the sample space of an experiment or random trial is the set of all possible outcomes or results
of that experiment. A sample space is usually denoted using set notation, and the possible ordered outcomes are
listed as elements in the set. It is common to refer to a sample space by the labels S, Ω, or U (for "universal set").
A random experiment is a phenomenon whose outcome is not predictable with certainty, but the set of all possible
outcomes is known. The set of all possible outcomes is known as the sample space of the experiment and is denoted by
Ω.
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
Two events are said to be mutually exclusive events when both cannot occur at the
same time.
a. Turning left and turning right are Mutually Exclusive (you can't do both at the same
time)
b. Tossing a coin: Heads and Tails are Mutually Exclusive
Note : Not Mutually exclusive events
Two events are called not mutually exclusive if they have at least one outcome in
common
Let A={2,3,5,7,11}A={2,3,5,7,11} and B={1,3,5,7,9,11}
Here A∩B={3,5,7,11}
COLLECTIVELY EXHAUSTIVE EVENTS
“Collectively exhaustive events” means the collection group of events is complete such
that no event is left out or no other event can be added to the group of events.
“collectively” means the entire collection or group of “something” should be thought
of together or as one item. “Exhaustive” means “all elements of something such that
nothing is left out, fully comprehensive, complete.”
PROBABILITY
Probability is a measure quantifying the likelihood that events will occur. Probability
quantifies as a number between 0 and 1, where, loosely speaking,0 indicates
impossibility and 1 indicates certainty.
TYPES OF EVENTS IN PROBABILITY
Simple Event Exhaustive Evets
Compound Event Favorable Events
Certain Event Mutually Exclusive Events
Impossible Events Complementary Events
Equivalent Events / Identical Equiprobability
Events Conditional probability
Equally Likely Events Independent Events
TYPES OF EVENTS IN PROBABILITY
Simple or Elementary Event
If there be only one element of the sample space in the set representing an event, then this event is
called a simple or elementary event.
; if we throw a die, then the sample space, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Now the event of 2 appearing on the die is simple and is given
by E = {2}.
Compound Event
If there are more than one element of the sample space in the set representing an event, then this
event is called a compound event.
if we throw a die, having S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, the event of a odd number being shown is given by E = {1, 3, 5}.
Certain Events
An event which is sure to occur at every performance of an experiment is called a certain event
connected with the experiment.
“Head or Tail’ is a certain event connected with tossing a coin
TYPES OF EVENTS IN PROBABILITY
Impossible Event
An event which cannot occur at any performance of the experiment is called an possible event.
‘Seven’ in case of throwing a die.
Favorable Events
The outcomes which make necessary the happening of an event in a trial are called favorable events.
If two dice are thrown, the number of favorable events of getting a sum 5 is four, i.e., (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2) and (4, 1).
Equiprobability
Equiprobability is a property for a collection of events that each have the same probability of
occurring
Throwing die P(1) = P(2) = P(3) = P(4) = P(5) = P(6) = 1/6.
Conditional probability
Conditional probability is the probability of some event A, given the occurrence of some other
event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B), and is read "the probability of A, given B". It is
defined by
TYPES OF EVENTS IN PROBABILITY
Independent Events
When two events are said to be independent of each other, what this means is that the probability
that one event occurs in no way affects the probability of the other event occurring
An example of two independent events is as follows; say you rolled a die and flipped a coin
Dependent Events
When two events are said to be dependent, the probability of one event occurring influences the
likelihood of the other event.
if you were to draw a two cards from a deck of 52 cards. If on your first draw you had an ace and you put that aside, the
probability of drawing an ace on the second draw is greatly changed because you drew an ace the first time.
FORMULA
NOTES
https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/statistics-python-tutorial-
probability-1
https://seeing-theory.brown.edu/
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