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4.2 Deviations From The Mendelian Inheritance
4.2 Deviations From The Mendelian Inheritance
GENETIC INHERITANCE
4.2 DEVIATIONS FROM THE
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
Learning outcomes:
Construct genetic diagram to show
codominant alleles using human MN
blood group and include phenotypic ratio
and genotypic ratio (1:2:1)
4.2.1 CODOMINANT ALLELES
• Example:
1. Human MN blood group
2. AB blood group
MN blood group
Due to the presence of two specific molecule
(M and N molecules) of the surface of the
RBC
LMLN individuals express both M & N
glycoproteins on RBC
LM = allele for the ability to produce M antigen
LN = allele for the ability to produce N antigen
Antigen M
Antigen N
Gametes : LM LN
F1 Genotype : LM LN
F1 Phenotype : MN blood group
Gametes : LM LN LM LN
F2 Genotype : LM LM LM LN LM LN LN LN
F2 Phenotype : M , MN , MN , N
F2 Genotypic ratio : 1 LM LM : 2 LM LN : 1 LN LN
F2 Phenotypic ratio : 1 M blood : 2 MN blood : 1 N blood
group group group
4.2.2 INCOMPLETE DOMINANT ALLELES
Learning outcomes:
Construct genetic diagram to show
incomplete dominant alleles and include
phenotypic ratio (1:2:1) and genotypic ratio
INCOMPLETE DOMINANT ALLELES
- One allele is not fully dominant over the other allele
(neither parental phenotype is fully expressed)
- Progenies with heterozygous genotypes have
intermediate phenotypes
E.g. 1: Flower colour of snapdragon (Antirrhinum sp.)
Gametes : CR CW
F1 Genotype : CR CW
Gametes : CR CW CR CW
F2 Genotype : CR CR CR CW CR CW CW CW
F2 Genotypic ratio : 1 CR CR : 2 CR CW : 1 CW CW
F2 Phenotypic ratio : 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white
flower flower flower
INCOMPLETE DOMINANT ALLELES
Segregation of alleles
into gamete of the F1
plants results in an F2
generation with a 1:2:1
ratio for both genotype
and phenotype.
Neither allele is
dominant
4.2.3 MULTIPLE ALLELES
Learning outcomes:
Construct genetic diagram to show
multiple alleles using human ABO blood
group
MULTIPLE ALLELES
- 6 possible allele
combinations
(genotypes)
- 4 possible blood
types
(phenotypes)
MULTIPLE ALLELES
Allele IA
~ express
antigen A
Allele IB
~ express
antigen B
Allele i
~ no antigen
MULTIPLE ALLELES
Gametes : IA i IB i
F1 Phenotype : AB , A , B , O
Example 2:
F1 Phenotype : A , AB , AB , B
F1 Genotypic ratio : 1 IAIA : 2 IAIB : 1 IBIB
Learning outcomes:
Explain polygenes/ polygenic inheritance
using human skin color
POLYGENES/ POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
Influenced by Influenced by
genetic factor only genetic factor and
environmental factor
4.2.4 LINKED GENES
Learning outcome:
Illustrate the effects of linked genes with
crossing over on the dihybrid test cross
ratio
4.2.4 LINKED GENES
‘Oblique’ (/)
Genes on the left of the oblique are
located on the same chromosome.
the genes on the right are the homologs
• Self-cross on
Black heterozygous (for both
body characters) of F1
produces F2 with
phenotypic ratio 3:1
GENETIC DIAGRAM USING ‘OBLIQUE’ (/) SYMBOL
Parent :
Gametes :
F1 Genotype :
F1 Phenotype : Grey body, normal wing
F1 Genotypic ratio : All GL/gl
F1 Phenotypic ratio : All grey body and normal wing
F1 X F 1 :
Gametes :
F2 Genotype :
F2 Phenotype : Grey body, Grey body, Grey body, Black body
normal wing, normal wing, normal wing, vestigial wing
F2 Genotypic ratio :
F2 Phenotypic ratio :
GENETIC DIAGRAM USING
TWO PARALLEL STRAIGHT LINES (| |)
Parent :
Gametes :
F1 Genotype :
F1 X F 1 :
Gametes :
F2 Genotype :
F2 Genotypic ratio : 1 :2 : 1
F2 Phenotypic ratio :
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
NON-LINKED & LINKED GENES
2 pairs of alleles located 2 pairs of alleles located on
on different homologous the same homologous
chromosome chromosome
Undergo independent Do not undergo
assortment independent assortment
G g G g
L l L l
G g Genotype Genotype
G g
GgLl GL/gl
L l
L l
Metaphase I Metaphase I
OR g gG G
G Gg g
G G g g
L L l l
L L l l L L l l
Meiosis II Meiosis II
G g g G G g
L l L l
L l
GL gl gL
Gl GL gl
Symbol:- OBLIQUE
Grey body : G
Black body : g
Normal wing allele : L
Vestigial wing allele : l
P:P
: GL/GL X gl/gl
(grey, normal) (black, vestigial)
Gametes : GL gl
Gametes:
F1 Genotype : GL/gl
F1 :
F1 Phenotype : Grey body and normal wing
F1 Genotypic ratio : All GL/gl
Parent :
P:
Gametes :
G:
F1FF1genotypes:
Genotype
F1 :
1 genotypes :
F1 phenotypes : Gray body, black body, gray body, black body,
F1 Phenotype :
normal wing vestigial wing vestigial wing normal wing
offspring offspring
4.2.5 SEX-LINKED GENES
Learning outcome:
Construct genetic diagram to show sex-
linked genes using haemophilia
4.2.5 SEX-LINKED GENES
A gene located on either sex chromosome is
called a sex-linked gene
XX
XY
EXAMPLE OF SEX-LINKED GENES DISEASES
Genotype Phenotype
Haemophilia
XHXH Normal female
Gametes : XH Xh Y
Gametes : XH Xh Xh Y