Vivekanandha college of engineering

for women (Autonomous)

GRAPHENE
TECHNOLOGY

Presented by
Saranya.S
lllrd year ECE
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 Outline
 Abstract
 Introduction
 History
 Structure
 Properties
 How graphene is created?
 Graphene’s application
 Conclusion

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 Abstract
 Graphene is the 2-D structure of carbon allotrope.
 one million times smaller than the diameter of the human
hair.
 honeycomb structure of graphene.
 It is a light weight, strong, flexible, transparent, thinnest
material it can be integrated into a huge number of
applications.
 The theory of graphene was first explored by Wallace in
1947.
 In 2004 Geim and Novoselov extracted single-atom-thick
crystallites from bulk graphite.
 Graphene has various applications in following fields:
Biological engineering, optical electronics, ultra filtration,
Composite materials, Photovoltaic cells, Super capacitor.
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 Introduction
 Graphene is a single layer of graphite
 Graphene is an allotrope of carbon
consisting of a single layer of carbon
atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice.
 It is the basic structural elements of
many other allotropes of carbon,
including graphite, diamond, charcoal,
carbon nanotubes and fullerences.
 Graphene is thin, strong, transparent
and flexible material.

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 History
 One of the first patent pertaining to the production of
graphene was filled in October 2002 and granted in 2006.
 Two years later, in 2004 Andre Geim and Kostya
Novoselov at university of Manchester extracted single-
atom-thick-crystallites from bulk graphite.
 Geim and Novoselov received awards for their pioneering
research on graphene, notably the 2010 Nobel Price in
Physics.

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 Structure
 Graphene is the 2-Dimensional layer of carbon atoms.
 Graphene(layered material) formed by stacks 41 of
graphene is separated by 0.3nm and held together by a
weak vanderwaals force.
 Each atoms has four bonds: one sigma bond with each of
its three neighbors and one pi bond that is oriented out of
plane. The atoms are about 1.42Å apart.
 C-C bond length is about 0.142nm and has high tensile
strength about 130GPa.

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 Properties
Graphene has some
several properties. They
are:
• Chemical property
• Electrical property
• Optical property
• Mechanical property
• Thermal property

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 Chemical properties
 Graphene is chemically the most
reactive form of carbon
 Only form of carbon (and
generally all solid materials) in
which each single atom is in
exposure for chemical reactions
from two sides(due to the 2-D
structure).
 It is known that the carbon atoms
at the edge of graphene sheet
have special reactivity.
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 Chemical property cont.
 Graphene burns at very low temperature (eg.350°C).
 Graphene has the highest ratio of edgy carbons (in
comparison with similar materials such as carbon
nanotubes).
 Graphene is commonly modified with oxygen and
nitrogen containing functional groups.

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 Electrical property
 Graphene is a zero-gap semiconductor,
because its conduction and valence band
meet at the dirac point.
 If it is zig-zig, the band gap is zero or if it is
in armchair, the band gap is non-zero.
 It has very high electrical conductivity
 Electrical conductivity of sheets are 10 times
greater that of copper.
 Graphene has a remarkable high electron
mobility at room temperature.
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 Electrical property cont.
 The mobility is nearly independent of temperature between
10 K and100 K.
 Resistivity of the graphene should be 10-6 Ω cm.
 Electron propagating through graphene’s honeycomb lattice
effectively loss their mass, producing quasi-particles.

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 Optical property
 Graphene, despite it is only one
atom thick, is still visible to the
naked eye.
 Due to this unique property, it
absorbs a high 2.3% of light that
passes through it.
 Due to the impressive
characteristics, it has been absorbed
that once optical intensity reaches a
certain threshold saturation
absorption takes place (very high
intensity light causes a reduction in
absorption).
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 Mechanical property
 Graphene sheets has been measured
using an Atomic Force
Microscope(AFM).
 Graphene is the strongest material
than diamond and 300 times harder
stronger than steel.
 It has the tensile strength of 1TPa.
 It is stretchable upto 20% of its
initial strength.

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 Thermal property
 Thermal conductivity of suspended graphene is
approximately 5300 W m-1 K-1 (compare with the pyrolyte
graphite of approximately 2000 W m-1 K-1 at room
temperature).
 The value of thermal conductivity measured between
1500-2500 W m-1 K-1 .
 The thermal conductivity is reduced to about 500-600 W
m-1 K-1 at room temperature as a result of scattering of
graphene lattice waves by the substrate.
 The melting point is approximately 4125K.
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 Thermal property cont.
 Graphene can exhibit two types of thermal conductivity
in-plane and inter-plane.
 The in-plane conductivity of single-layered sheet is 3000-
5000 W m-1 K-1 .
 The cross plane conductivity can be as low as 6 W m-1 K-1
, due to the inter-pane of weak vanderwaals forces.
 The specific heat capacity of the graphene has never been
measured directly.

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 How graphene is created?
Various methods are used to
make graphene:
 Chemical vapor
deposition(CVD)
 Mechanical exfoliation
 Epitaxial growth of graphene on
SiC
 Electro chemical exfoliation
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 Chemical vapor deposition
 A way of depositing gaseous reactant on the substrate.
 The carrier are combined in a reaction chamber which is
maintained at certain temperature and pressure (as req. by
reaction)
 The reaction occurs on substrate on which one of the
product (carbon) is deposited and the by products are
pumped out.

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Chemical vapor deposition cont.
 The selection of substrate depends upon the feasibility of
transferring the graphene on to the required material.
 There are various typed of CVD process
1. LPCVD(low pressure CVD)- carried under sub
atmospheric pressure
2. UHVCVD(ultra high vacuum CVD)- carried out
under extremely low atmospheric pressure (6-10Pa).

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 Mechanical exfoliation
 A fresh piece of scotch tape is taken (about 6 inches long).
 The adhesive side is pressed onto the HOPG (High
Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite).
 The tape is gently peeled away with thick shiny layer of
graphite attached to it.
 The part of the tape with layers from the HOPG was
refolded upon a clean adhesive section of the same piece
of the tape then the tape is unfolded.

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 Mechanical exfoliation cont.
 This process is repeated several times
until the end of the tape is no longer
shiny but becomes dark/dull and grey.
 These graphite layers on the tape are
transferred onto the surface of the
Si/SiO2 wafers by gently pressing
them onto the tape for some time and
then peeling off.
 The wafers are then examined using
various characterization techniques.

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 Epitaxial growth of graphene on
SiC
 The SiC substrate is heated at a
temperature (around 12000 C) and the
condition of the chamber are set
accordingly.
 The Si atom evaporates due to the
thermionic emission leaving behind the
carbon atoms on the remaining substrate.
 The final SiC substrate is covered with the
carbon layers which can be either bilayer,
monolayer or multilayer graphenes.
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Electrochemical exfoliation

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 Graphene application
Graphene is a revolutionary material. It has many
applications replacing conventional materials as well as
the ability to support application.
 Sensors
 Energy storage device
 ECG in heart rate
 Batteries
 Future in contact lens
 OLED
 GP based device
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 Sensor
 The ideal sensor is able to detect
minute changes in its surrounding
environment.
 This allows graphene to effectively
detect changes in its surroundings at
micrometer dimensions, providing a
high degree of sensitivity.
 Graphene could be used in sensors Nanomedical graphene based
sensor
in various fields including bio-
sensors, DNA sensors, gas sensors,
field effect transistor, to name a few.
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 Energy storage device
 100 years old technology enhanced
by modern materials based on
polarization electrolytes, high
surface area electrodes, and
extremely small charge separation.
 due to extremely high surface area
to mass ratio of graphene, one
potential application is in the
conductive plates of super capacitor.
 High surface area to weight
ratio(2600 m2 /g).
 It has high conductivity and
measured capacitance 135 F/g.
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 Other applications

Graphene based
OLED GP based device
charge battery

ECG heart rate Future in contact lens 29

 Other applications
some other applications are:
 Integrated circuits
 Graphene nanoribbons
 IR detectors
 Piezoelectric material
 Chemical sensor
 Aerospace applications
 Water purification system

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 Conclusion
 Graphene has many applications to work around it can be
implemented into today’s technology.
 Graphene has so many amazing properties, so expect it to
impact many types of technologies.

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Thank you

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