LESSON 3:

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

THE ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER
The Atomic Theory of Matter
The Atomic Theory of Matter

• Plato and Aristotle

The Atomic Theory of Matter

• Plato and Aristotle

“matter was infinitely divisible”
The Atomic Theory of Matter

• Plato and Aristotle

“matter was infinitely divisible”

• Democritus (460 – 370 B.C.)

The Atomic Theory of Matter

• Plato and Aristotle

“matter was infinitely divisible”

• Democritus (460 – 370 B.C.)

“matter is composed of small, indivisible
particles which is called atomos, meaning
‘indivisible’ ”
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• John Dalton (18 century)
th
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• John Dalton (18 century)
th
1.) Each element is composed of extremely small particles
called atoms.
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• John Dalton (18 century)
th
1.) Each element is composed of extremely small particles
called atoms.
2.) All atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of
different elements are different and have different
properties.
<VIDEO: CEREALS WITH IRON>
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• John Dalton (18 century)
th
1.) Each element is composed of extremely small particles
called atoms.
2.) All atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of
different elements are different and have different
properties.
3.) Atoms of an element are not changed into different types
of atoms by chemical reactions; atoms are neither created
nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• John Dalton (18 century)
th
1.) Each element is composed of extremely small particles
called atoms.
2.) All atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of
different elements are different and have different
properties.
3.) Atoms of an element are not changed into different types
of atoms by chemical reactions; atoms are neither created
nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
4.) Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one
element combine; a given compound always has the same
relative number and kind of atoms.
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• Atom
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• Atom
-basic building blocks of matter
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• Atom
-basic building blocks of matter
• Element
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• Atom
-basic building blocks of matter
• Element
-composed of only one kind of atom
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• Atom
-basic building blocks of matter
• Element
-composed of only one kind of atom
• Compound
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• Atom
-basic building blocks of matter
• Element
-composed of only one kind of atom
• Compound
-two or more elements combine in
definite arrangements
The Atomic Theory of Matter
• Atom
-basic building blocks of matter
• Element
-composed of only one kind of atom
• Compound
-two or more elements combine in
definite arrangements
LAW OF DEFINITE AND
MULTIPLE PROPORTION
Law of MULTIPLE Proportion
• “when different compounds are formed
by a combination of the same elements,
different masses of one element combine
with the same fixed element of other
element in a ratio of small whole
numbers”
2H2 + O2 2H2O

H2 + O2 H2O2
C + O2 CO2
C + O2 CO
Law of DEFINITE Proportion
• “Ratio of weights of two chemical
compounds consumed in a chemical
reaction was always the same”
 -
H2O HO
+
H2O2 H3O
H2O3 X H4O X
H2O4 X H5O X
 H2O
H (mass, g) O (mass, g)
2 16
4 32
6 48
7 ?
BLENDED/ADDITIONAL
READINGS
Blended/Additional Readings
1.) J.J. Thomson and the electron
2.) Robert Millikan’s oil-drop experiment
3.) Rutherford’s plum-pudding model of atom
4.) Bohr’s model of atom
5.) Schrodinger’s model of atom
THE ATOM
The Atom
The Atom
The Atom

Proton (+)
The Atom

Proton (+)

Neutron
(neutral)
The Atom
Nucleus
Proton (+)

Neutron
(neutral)
The Atom
Nucleus
Proton (+)

Electron (-)
Neutron
(neutral)
The Atom

17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
The Atom
Atomic
Number
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
The Atom Number
of Protons
Atomic
Number
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
The Atom Number = Number of
of Protons Electrons
Atomic
Number
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
The Atom
Sample Problems:
1.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of
chlorine.
The Atom
Sample Problems:
1.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of
chlorine.
2.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of
iodine.
The Atom
Charge of the proton
The Atom
Charge of the proton +1.602 x 10-19 C
The Atom
Charge of the proton +1.602 x 10-19 C
Charge of the electron -1.602 x 10-19 C
The Atom
Charge of the proton +1.602 x 10-19 C +1
Charge of the electron -1.602 x 10-19 C
The Atom
Charge of the proton +1.602 x 10-19 C +1
Charge of the electron -1.602 x 10-19 C -1
The Atom
Charge of the proton +1.602 x 10-19 C +1
Charge of the electron -1.602 x 10-19 C -1
The Atom
Charge of the proton +1.602 x 10-19 C +1
Charge of the electron -1.602 x 10-19 C -1
Mass of proton 1.672 x 10-27 kg
The Atom
Charge of the proton +1.602 x 10-19 C +1
Charge of the electron -1.602 x 10-19 C -1
Mass of proton 1.672 x 10-27 kg
Mass of neutron 1.674 x 10-27 kg
The Atom
Charge of the proton +1.602 x 10-19 C +1
Charge of the electron -1.602 x 10-19 C -1
Mass of proton 1.672 x 10-27 kg
Mass of neutron 1.674 x 10-27 kg
Mass of electron 9.109 x 10-31 kg
The Atom
Charge of the proton +1.602 x 10-19 C +1
Charge of the electron -1.602 x 10-19 C -1
Mass of proton 1.672 x 10-27 kg
Mass of neutron 1.674 x 10-27 kg
Mass of electron 9.109 x 10-31 kg
Mass of proton 1.0073 amu
Mass of neutron 1.0087 amu
Mass of electron 5.486 x 10-4 amu
The Atom
Charge of the proton +1.602 x 10-19 C +1
Charge of the electron -1.602 x 10-19 C -1
Mass of proton 1.672 x 10-27 kg
Mass of neutron 1.674 x 10-27 kg
Mass of electron 9.109 x 10-31 kg
Mass of proton 1.0073 amu 1
Mass of neutron 1.0087 amu 1
Mass of electron 5.486 x 10-4 amu 0
The Atom
Charge of the proton +1.602 x 10-19 C +1
Charge of the electron -1.602 x 10-19 C -1
Mass of proton 1.672 x 10-27 kg
Mass of neutron 1.674 x 10-27 kg
Mass of electron 9.109 x 10-31 kg
Mass of proton 1.0073 amu 1
Mass of neutron 1.0087 amu 1
Mass of electron 5.486 x 10-4 amu 0
The Atom
Sample Problems:
3.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Na
The Atom
Sample Problems:
3.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Na

4.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Na+

The Atom
Sample Problems:
3.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Na

4.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Na+

5.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Cl -

The Atom
Sample Problems:
3.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Na

4.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Na+

5.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Cl -

6.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Ba 2+

The Atom
Sample Problems:
3.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Na

4.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Na+

5.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Cl -

6.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of Ba 2+

7.) Determine the number of protons and electrons of O 2-

The Atom Number = Number of
of Protons Electrons
Atomic
Number
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
The Atom Number = Number of
of Protons Electrons
Atomic
Number
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453

Atomic
Weight
The Atom Number = Number of
of Protons Electrons
Atomic
Number
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453

Atomic = Number + Number of

Weight of Protons Neutrons
The Atom
Sample Problems:
8.) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons of Na
The Atom
Sample Problems:
8.) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons of Na
9.) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons of K
The Atom
Sample Problems:
8.) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons of Na
9.) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons of K
10.) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons of Br -
The Atom
Sample Problems:
8.) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons of Na
9.) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons of K
10.) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and
electrons of Br -
11.) A certain element has 79 protons. Determine the
element.
The Atom

6
C
Carbon
12
The Atom

6 12
C
Carbon 6 C
12
The Atom

6 12 A
C
Carbon 6 C Z X
12
The Atom
Z
6 12 A
C
Carbon 6 C Z X
12
The Atom
Z
6 12 A
C
Carbon 6 C Z X
12

A
The Atom
Sample Problems:
12.) Determine the number of neutrons of an element with
Z = 19 and A = 39
The Atom
Sample Problems:
12.) Determine the number of neutrons of an element with
Z = 19 and A = 39
13.) Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electron
of an element with A = 40 and Z = 18
ISOTOPES
Isotopes

17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Isotopes

17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Isotopes

17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Isotopes
17 Protons
17
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Isotopes
17 Protons
17 17 Electrons

Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Isotopes
17 Protons
17 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Isotopes
17 Protons 17 Protons
17 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Isotopes
17 Protons 17 Protons
17 17 Electrons 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Isotopes
17 Protons 17 Protons
17 17 Electrons 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons 20 Neutrons
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Isotopes Chlorine-35
17 Protons 17 Protons
17 17 Electrons 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons 20 Neutrons
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Isotopes Chlorine-35 Chlorine-37
17 Protons 17 Protons
17 17 Electrons 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons 20 Neutrons
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
Isotopes Chlorine-35 Chlorine-37
17 Protons 17 Protons
17 17 Electrons 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons 20 Neutrons
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes Chlorine-35 Chlorine-37
17 Protons 17 Protons
17 17 Electrons 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons 20 Neutrons
Cl
Chlorine
35.453
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes Chlorine-35 Chlorine-37
17 Protons 17 Protons
17 17 Electrons 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons 20 Neutrons
Cl 75.35 %
Chlorine
abundance
35.453
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes Chlorine-35 Chlorine-37
17 Protons 17 Protons
17 17 Electrons 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons 20 Neutrons
Cl 75.35 %
Chlorine
abundance
35.453
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes Chlorine-35 Chlorine-37
17 Protons 17 Protons
17 17 Electrons 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons 20 Neutrons
Cl 75.35 % 22.65 %
Chlorine
abundance abundance
35.453
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes Chlorine-35 Chlorine-37
17 Protons 17 Protons
17 17 Electrons 17 Electrons
18 Neutrons 20 Neutrons
Cl 75.35 % 22.65 %
Chlorine
abundance abundance
35.453
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes

6
C
Carbon
12.01
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14

6
C
Carbon
12.01
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6
C
Carbon
12.01
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons
6
C
Carbon
12.01
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons
6 6 Neutrons
C
Carbon
12.01
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons
6 6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons
C
Carbon
12.01
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons
6 6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons 8 Neutrons
C
Carbon
12.01
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons
6 6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons 8 Neutrons
C
Carbon
12.01
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons
6 6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons 8 Neutrons
C
Carbon 98.9 %
abundance
12.01
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons
6 6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons 8 Neutrons
C
Carbon 98.9 %
abundance
12.01
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons
6 6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons 8 Neutrons
C
Carbon 98.9 % 1.1 %
abundance abundance
12.01
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons
6 6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons 8 Neutrons
C
Carbon 98.9 % 1.1 %
abundance abundance
12.01
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons
6 6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons 8 Neutrons
C
Carbon 98.9 % 1.1 % <0.0001 %
abundance abundance abundance
12.01
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
Isotopes Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons
6 6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons 8 Neutrons
C
Carbon 98.9 % 1.1 % <0.0001 %
abundance abundance abundance
12.01
ISOTOPES:
Same element but different
number of neutrons
<VIDEO: CARBON DATING>
iodine-123
Isotopes
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN
Isotopes
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN
Isotopes
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

0 Neutrons 1 Neutron 2 Neutrons

Isotopes

CHALLENGE PROBLEM

Determine the percent abundance of

stable isotopes of boron, namely:
boron-10 and boron-11.
MOLECULES AND IONS
Molecules and Ions
Molecules and Ions

• Molecule
Molecules and Ions

• Molecule
o Assembly of two or more atoms tightly bound
together
Molecules and Ions

• Molecule
o Assembly of two or more atoms tightly bound
together
o Covalently bonded (to be discussed in the
finals)
Molecules and Ions

• Molecule
o Assembly of two or more atoms tightly bound
together
o Covalently bonded (to be discussed in the
finals)
• Ion
Molecules and Ions

• Molecule
o Assembly of two or more atoms tightly bound
together
o Covalently bonded (to be discussed in the
finals)
• Ion
o Charged particle
Molecules and Ions
ATOMS MOLECULES IONS
Molecules and Ions
ATOMS MOLECULES IONS
C
H
O
N
Molecules and Ions
ATOMS MOLECULES IONS
CO
C
CO2
H H2O2
O O2
O3
N H2
CH4
C2H6
Molecules and Ions
ATOMS MOLECULES IONS
Li+
CO Na +
C
CO2 K+
H H2O2 Be 2+
Mg 2+
O O2
O3 B3+
N N3-
H2 P 3-
CH4 O 2-

C2H6 S2-
F-
Molecules and Ions