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The Arthropods: Blueprint For Success
The Arthropods: Blueprint For Success
Arthropods:
Blueprint for
Success
Evolutionary Perspective
1. Metamerism modified by tagmatization
2. Chitinous exoskeleton
3. Paired, jointed appendages
4. Ecdysis
5. Ventral nervous system
6. Coelom reduced to cavity around
gonads
7. Open circulatory system
8. Complete digestive tract
9. Metamorphosis often present
Classification and Relationships
to other Animals
• Ecdysozoans
– Cuticle, ecdysis, loss of epidermal
cilia (figure 14.2)
• Monophyletic with five subphyla
(table 14.1)
– Chelicerata, Crustacea, Hexapoda,
Myriapoda, Trilobitomorpha (entirely
extinct)
Figure 14.2 Evolutionary relationships of the
arthropods to other animals.
Metamerism and
Tagmatization
• Metamerism evident externally
– Segmental body wall
– Segmental appendages
• Metamerism reduced internally
– No septa
– Most organs are not metameric
• Tagmatization obvious
– Specializations for feeding, sensory
perception, locomotion, and visceral
functions
Learning Outcomes:
Section 14.3
(a)
(b)
Order Araneae
• Spiders
• Prosoma
– Chelicerae with poison glands and
fangs
– Pedipalps leglike
• Sperm transfer in males
– 6-8 eyes
• Opisthosoma
– Connected to prosoma via pedicel
– Swollen or elongate
– Visceral functions and spinnerets
Figure 14.12 External structure of Argiope.
Figure 14.13 Prosoma of a spiderling.
Order Araneae
• Silk
– Protein
– Repeating sequence of glycine and
alanine
– Beta sheet
– Stored as gel prior to spinning
– Chemical modification when forced
through spinnerets
• Webs, line retreats, safety lines,
wrapping eggs, dispersal of young
(ballooning)
Figure 14.14
Members of
the family
Araneidae are
the orb
weavers.
Order Araneae
• Feeding
– Insects and other arthropods
– Hunt or capture in webs
– Paralyze prey
• May wrap in silk
– Inject enzymes into prey body wall
• Two spiders are venomous to
humans.
Figure 14.15 (a) Black widow spiders (Lactrodectus
mactans) has a neurotoxic venom. (b) Brown recluse
spiders (Loxosceles reclusa) have a histolytic venom.
(b)
(a)
Order Araneae
• Reproduction
– Complex behaviors
• Chemical, tactile, and visual signals
– Male’s pedipalps enlarged into
embolus
• Male deposits sperm on web and
collects with pedipalps.
• Transfers sperm to female during mating
– Female deposits eggs in silk case.
• In webbing, a retreat, or carries with her
Order Opiliones
Figure 14.16 Order Opiliones
• Harvestmen or (Leiobunum sp).
daddy longlegs
• Prosoma broadly
joins
opisthosoma
• Legs long and
slender
• Omnivores
• External and
internal digestion
Order Acarina
• Mites Figure 14.17
– Prosoma and Dermatophagoides farinae is
opisthosoma fused common in homes and grain
and covered by storage areas.
single carapace
– 1mm or less
– Free-living
• Herbivores or
scavengers
– Many pest species
– Ectoparasites
• Chigger
(Trombicula)
• Follicle mite
(Demodex)
Order Acarina
• Ticks
– Ectoparasites in all life stages
– Up to 3cm
– Females lay eggs after engorging
with blood.
– Important in disease transmission
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Lyme disease
Figure 11.18 Ixodes scapularis transmits the bacteria
that causes Lyme disease.
Class Pycnogonida
(Subphylum
Cheliceriformes?)
Figure 14.19 Class Pycnogonida
• Sea spiders
• Marine
• Feed on cnidarian
polyps
• Dioecious
• Molecular,
developmental, and
morphological
characters are being
used to reevaluate
taxonomic status.
Learning Outcomes:
Section 14.8
• Describe characteristics of
members of the subphylum
Crustacea.
• Describe the adaptation for
aquatic habitats seen in the
Crustacea.
Subphylum Crustacea
• Crayfish, shrimp, lobsters, crabs,
copepods cladocerans and others
• Almost all are aquatic
– Terrestrial isopods and crabs are
exceptions.
• Two pairs of antennae
• Biramous appendages (figure
14.20)
Figure 14.20 Crustacean body form. (a) External
anatomy. (b) Biramous appendages.
Class Malacostraca
• Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp,
krill, amphipods, isopods
• Order Decapoda
– Largest order
– Shrimp, crayfish, lobsters, crabs
Class Malacostraca
• Crayfish external structure
– Cephalothorax
• Fusion of head and thorax
• Covered dorsally and laterally by carapace
• Sensory, feeding, locomotion
– Abdomen
• Muscular “tail” in crayfish
• Locomotor and visceral functions in others
– Paired appendages
• Serially homologous (derived from a common
ancestral pattern)
Figure 14.22 External structure of a male crayfish.
Figure 14.23 Serial homology of crayfish appendages.
Class Malacostraca
• Crayfish internal structure
– Digestive system
• Complete with foregut, midgut, and hindgut
– Respiratory system
• Gills attach at base of cephalothoracic
appendages.
• Lie within gill chamber between carapace and
lateral body wall
• Second maxilla circulates water.
– Circulation
• Open
• Dorsal heart and major arteries
• Blood enters hemocoel, and gills before returning
to pericardial sinus around heart.
Figure 14.24
Internal
structure of a
crayfish.
Class Malacostraca
• Ventral nervous system
– Cephalization and centralization
– Supraesophageal and subesophageal ganglia
process sensory information and control head
appendages.
– Segmental ganglia
• Sensory structures
– Antennae
– Compound eyes
– Statocysts
– Chemoreceptors
– Proprioceptors
– Tactile setae
Class Malacostraca
• Endocrine system
– Ecdysis, sex determination, color
change
• X-organs
– Neurosecretory tissues in eyestalks
– Molt-inhibiting hormone
» Target Y-organ
• Y-organs
– Base of maxillae
– Releases ecdysone when molt inhibiting
hormone is not present and ecdysis occurs
– Androgenic glands (males)
• Promotes development of testes and male
characteristics
Class Malacostraca
• Excretion
– Antennal (green) glands in crayfish
– Maxillary glands in others
– Homologous to coxal glands of
arachnids
• Reproduction
– Dioecious
– Mating after female molts
• Fertilized eggs attach to female’s pleopods
• Others have planktonic larvae
Figure 14.25
(a) Nauplius larva of a
barnacle. (b) Zoea
larvae of a crab.
(a)
(b)
Order Isopoda
• “Pillbugs” Figure 14.26a Order Isopoda.
• Aquatic and
terrestrial
• Dorsoventrally
flattened
Order Amphipoda
• Laterally Figure 14.26b Order
compressed Amphipoda.
• Crawl or swim
on sides
• Beach-hoppers
modified for
jumping
Class Branchiopoda
• Fairy shrimp Figure 14.27 Order Cladocera.
– Temporary ponds
• Brine shrimp
– Great Salt Lake
• Cladocera
– Freshwater water
fleas
– Large carapace
– Parthenogenesis
common
• Flattened, leaflike
appendages
Class Maxillopoda
Figure 14.1 Subclass
• Subclass Copepoda.
Copepoda
– Most abundant
crustaceans
– Important in
marine and
freshwater food
webs
– First antennae
modified for
swimming
Class Maxillopoda
• Subclass Thecostracea,
Infraclass Cirripedia
– Barnacles
– Marine
– Monoecious
• Nauplius and cypris larvae
• Cypris larva settles and metamorphoses
into sessile adult.
– Some parasites
Figure 14.28 Class Maxillopoda,
Infraclass Cirripedia.
(a) Internal structure of an
acorn barnacle. (b) A stalked
barnacle (Lepas).
Learning Outcome:
Section 14.9