PERFORMING

COMPUTER OPERATIONS
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

 A computer is an electronic machine that processes information.

• It takes in raw information using input devices, stores in the memory
 until it is ready to be processed in the processing unit and sends out results
using output devices.
Computers are classified into four (4)
different types based on its processing
power and size:
Supercomputer

 Supercomputers are the fastest and most powerful computer in terms of

performance and data processing.
Used in:
• Research and exploration
• Weather forecasting
• Nuclear weapon testing
Mainframe computer

 Mainframe computers are not as powerful as the supercomputer. It is

designed to run multiple programs concurrently. It is commonly used in:
• Banks
• Educational Institution
• Insurance companies
Minicomputer

 Minicomputers, also known as “Midrange” computers fill the space

between the mainframe and microcomputer. It is smaller than
Supercomputer or Mainframe computer but bigger and more powerful
than the microcomputer. They are generally used as mid-range servers.
Some of its uses are as:
• Data Management device
• Communications Portal
• Process Control
Microcomputer

 Microcomputers are the most widely used computer – desktop, laptops,

tablets and smartphones. It is the cheapest among the different classes of
computers. This computer is design for general usage such as
entertainment, education and work purposes.
Simple Block Diagram of a Computer
System
INPUT DEVICES

 Input devices are hardware used to enter data to be processed by the

computer in the processing unit.
 INPUT DEVICES

Touch-sensitive display
Keyboard Microphone

Mouse
OUTPUT DEVICES

 Output devices are computer hardware that shows or provides processed

data.
 OUTPUT DEVICES

Printer LED Monitor

Loudspeaker
DATA STORAGE

 Data storage is a device capable of holding information either temporarily

or permanently. It is also known as digital storage, storage, storage media,
or storage medium.
Two Types of Storage
• Primary Storage – Ex. RAM
• Secondary Storage – Ex. Hard Drive
 A secondary storage can be removable, internal or external storage.
KINDS OF COMPUTER STORAGE
 HDD HDD CD/DVD

Memory Card
Memory Stick Memory Stick
Can you identify some computer
applications used by workers in
performing computer related tasks?
COMMON COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
USED IN PERFORMING
COMPUTER RELATED DUTIES
MICROSOFT OFFICE APPLICATION

 MS Office application is a package application developed by Microsoft

and is intended to be used in offices and schools.
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

 MS Word
A word processing application used for
creating documents such as letters,
brochures, activity programs and learning activities.

 MS Excel
MS Excel is a spreadsheet program ideal for entering,
calculating and analyzing numeric data such as
sales figures, sales taxes and students’ grades.
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

 MS PowerPoint
MS PowerPoint is a presentation tool that
uses graphical approach to presentation in
the form of slides. Its primary function is
to help a presenter deliver its presentation effectively.
WEB BROWSERS

 Web browser is an application used to access information on the World

Wide Web. Web browsers interpret and display HTML web pages,
applications, JavaScript and other content hosted on web servers in the
form of text, pictures, audio and video.
 Below are some of the commonly used web browsers.
• Google Chrome
• Mozilla Firefox
• Microsoft Edge
• Apple Safari
 SEARCH ENGINES

 Search engine is a program that enable the users to search for documents
or information on the World Wide Web.
 How to search information on the World Wide Web?
 1. Click a browser that you want to use – Chrome, Firefox or Edge.
 2. Type the search engine that you want to use in the web browser’s
 URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and press the ENTER key.

URL
Or
Web
Address
3. Use the search tab of your search engine to find information on the web.
BASIC COMPUTER SYSTEM
MAINTENANCE
 FOLDERS
 Folders are used to organize and categorize files in your computer storage.
BASIC COMPUTER SYSTEM
MAINTENANCE
 ANTIVIRUS
 Use the antivirus to check your computer, flash drives and other storage for
any files infected with viruses and malware. Make sure that your antivirus
has the latest update.
 BASIC COMPUTER SYSTEM
MAINTENANCE
 BACKUP
Creating a backup of your files will give you the assurance that if something goes wrong with your file,
you can still retrieve a duplicate of your file from your backup storage.
 Examples of backup storage
 Hardware Cloud
BASIC COMPUTER SYSTEM
MAINTENANCE
 SYSTEM UPDATE
 System updates were designed to address software and security issues and
problems in our computers. This ensures safe computing.
COMPUTER SYSTEM,DEVICES AND
PERIPHERALS
WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM?

 The operating system is the most important programs that runs on the a
computer. Every general purpose computer must have an operating
system to run other program.
 Operating system perform basic task, such as recognizing input from the
keyboard, sending output to display screen, keeping track of files and
directories on the disk drives and printers.
Operating System can be classified as
follows:
 Multi user: allows two or more user to run programs at the same time
Some operating system permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent
users.
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
 Multiprocessing: supports running a program on more than one CPU.
Linux
Unix
Windows 2000
Operating System can be classified as
follows:
 Multitasking: allows more than one program to run concurrently
Unix
Windows 2000 and Windows multipoint.
 Multithreading: allows different parts of a single program to run
concurrently.
UNIX
Linux
Windows 2000 and windows 7
 Real time: respond to input instantly. general – purpose operating system,
such as DOS and UNIX, are not real time.
What are the devices of a computer?

 The physical, touchable, electronic and mechanical parts of a computer

are called the hardware which is composed of different devices attached
to the computer.
System unit

 The main part of a microcomputer, sometimes called the chassis. It includes

the following parts:
 Motherboard
 Microprocessor
 Memory Chips
 Busses
 Ports
 Expansion slots
 Cards
Motherboard

 The main circuit board of a computer.it contains all the circuits and
components that run the computer.
CPU(Central Processing Unit)

 The processor is the main “brain” or the heart of the computer system.it
performs all of the instruction and calculation that are needed and
manages the flow of the information through computer.
Primary Storage (internal storage, main
memory or memory)
 Is the computer’s working storage space that holds data, instruction for
processing and processed data (information) waiting to be sent to
secondary storage, physically, primary storage is a collection of RAM
 ROM (read only memory) is non – volatile, meaning it holds data even
when the power is ON or OFF.
 RAM(random access memory) is a volatile, meaning it holds data only
when the power is on. When the power is off RAM’s contents are lost.
ROM

RAM
Expansion bus

 A bus is a data pathway between several hardware components inside or

outside a computer.it does not only connect the parts of the CPU to each
other, but also links the CPU with other important hardware.
Adapters

 Printed –circuit boards (also called interface cards) that enable the
computer to use a peripheral device for which it does have the necessary
connections or circuit boards. they are used to permit upgrading to a new
different hardware.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

 Also known as hard drive is storage device that is installed inside the
computer. The hard drive is used as permanent storage for data. In a
windows computer, the hard drive is usually configured as the C:drive and
contains the operating system and application
Power supply unit (PSU)

 Installed in the back corner of the PC case next to motherboard.it converts

120vac (standard house power) into DC voltages that are used by other
components in the PC.
Optical drive

 An optical drive is a storage device uses laser to read data on the optical
media. there are three types of optical drives.
 Compact disc - (CD)
 Digital Versatile Disc – (DVD)
 Blu – Ray Disc (BD)
What are the input and output devices
of a computer?

 The devices attached to a personal computer can be classified into two-

the input and output devices. Input Device is composed of a device that
accepts data and instructions from the user or from another computer
system. While, output device is any piece of computer hardware that
displays results after the computer has processed the input data that has
been entered.
Two (2) Types of Input Devices

 1. Keyboard Entry – Data is inputted to the computer through a keyboard.

Keyboard - The first input device developed for the PC. Data is transferred to
the PC over a short cable with a circular 6-pin Mini-din connector that plugs
into the back of the motherboard.
2. Direct Entry

 A form of input that does not require data to be keyed by someone sitting
at a keyboard. Direct-entry devices create machine-readable data on
paper, or magnetic media, or feed it directly into the computer’s CPU.
Three Categories of Direct Entry
Devices
1. Pointing Devices

 - An input device used to move the pointer (cursor) on screen.

 Mouse - The most common 'pointing device' used in PCs. Every mouse
has two buttons and most have one or two scroll wheels.
Touch screen

 - A display screen that is sensitive to the touch of a finger or stylus. Used in

myriad applications, including ATM machines, retail point-of-sale terminals,
car navigation and industrial controls. The touch screen became wildly
popular for smart phones and tablets.
Light Pen

 A light-sensitive stylus wired to a video terminal used to draw pictures or

select menu options. The user brings the pen to the desired point on screen
and presses the pen button to make contact.
Digitizer Tablet
 - A graphics drawing tablet used for sketching new images or tracing old
ones. Also called a "graphics tablet," the user contacts the surface of the
device with a wired or wireless pen or puck. Often mistakenly called a
mouse, the puck is officially the "tablet cursor."
2. Scanning Devices-

 A device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translates
the information into a form the computer can use.
Voice- Input Devices

 - Audio input devices also known as speech or voice recognition systems

that allow a user to send audio signals to a computer for processing,
recording, or carrying out commands. Audio input devices such as
microphones allow users to speak to the computer in order to record a
voice message or navigate software
OUTPUT
DEVICES
1. Computer Display Monitor

 - It displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of
the monitor that displays the information is called the screen or video
display terminal.
Types of Monitor

 CRT Monitors - Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) were the only type of displays for
use with desktop PCs. They are relatively big (14" to 16" deep) and heavy
(over 15 lbs).
 LCD Monitors – Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology has been used in
laptops for some time. It has recently been made commercially available
as monitors for desktop PCs.
 LED Monitors (Light Emitting Diode) - A display and lighting technology used
in almost every electrical and electronic product on the market, from a tiny
on/off light to digital readouts, flashlights, traffic lights and perimeter
lighting.
Types of Monitor
2. LCD Projectors

 - utilize two sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution

between them. An electric current passed through the liquid causes the
crystals to align so that light cannot pass through them. Each crystal,
therefore, is like a shutter, either allowing light to pass through or blocking
the light.
Smart Board -

 - A type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent panel

covering the screen, which is similar to a touch screen.
PRINTER
A device that prints text or illustrations on paper.
Types of printer

 Ink-Jet or Bubble-Jet Printer - spays ink at a sheet of paper. Ink-jet printers

produce high-quality text and graphics.
 Laser Printer - Uses the same technology as copy machines. Laser printers
produce very high quality text and graphics.
 LCD and LED Printer- Similar to a laser printer, but uses liquid crystals or light-
emitting diodes rather than a laser to produce an image on the drum.
 Line Printer - Contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at
one time. Line printers are very fast, but produce low-quality print.
 Thermal Printer- An inexpensive printer that works by pushing heated pins
against heat-sensitive paper. Thermal printers are widely used in calculators and
fax machines.
5. Speakers

 - Used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected
with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects
from your computer.
What is a Storage Device?

 Aside from the devices attached on a PC, there are also the so called
storage devices that perform a special task in computing system. Storage
device is any apparatus for recording computer data in a permanent or
semi-permanent form.
Types of storage devices

 Floppy diskette- is a random access, removable data storage medium that

can be used with personal computers. The term usually refers to the
magnetic medium housed in a rigid plastic cartridge measuring 3.5 inches
square and about 2millimeters thick. Also called a "3.5-inch diskette," it can
store up to 1.44 megabytes (MB) of data.
 Compact disc (CD) – also called optical disc is a nonmagnetic, polished
metal disk used to store digital information. The disc is read by the CD-
ROM.
 Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)- an optical disc technology with a 4.7 gigabyte
storage capacity on a single-sided, one-layered disk, which is enough for a
133-minute movie.
 Jump drive and USB flash drive- is a plug-and-play portable storage device
that uses flash memory and is lightweight enough to attach to a key chain.
A USB drive can be used in place of a floppy disk, Zip drive disk, or CD.
 Hard drive- is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a
computer. The operating system, software titles and most other files are
stored in the hard disk drive. 53

 LS-120- is a drive which supports a special floppy diskette which can store
up to 120MB of information as well as being backwards compatible and still
supporting the standard 1.44MB floppy diskettes.
 Zip drive-is a small, portable disk drive used primarily for backing up and
archiving personal computer files.
NETWORKS
The Basics of Computer Networking
 The Computer Network

Arguably, the greatest advancement in technology and

communication over the past 20 years has been the development
and advancement of the computer network. From emailing a
friend to on-line bill paying to downloading data off the Internet to
e-commerce, networking has made our world much smaller and
changed the way we communicate forever.
 The Computer Network

What is a Computer Network

net·work: [net-wurk] – noun, a system containing any

combination of computers, computer terminals, printers,
audio or visual display devices, or telephones
interconnected by telecommunication equipment or
cables: used to transmit or receive information.
 Navigation Links
Network Diagram – Basic Layout and map of a traditional computer network.
Network Types – Computer networks vary in shape and size depending on usage.
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable – One of the Latest innovations in network cabling.
Switches and Hubs – The central device within a network that transmit data.
Servers – The central storage device for the names and locations of various data.
- IP Addresses
Topologies – The layouts of various network designs.
- Star
- Bus
- Ring
Firewalls – The network software that keeps destructive forces from a network.
Routers – The device that let messages flow between networks.
Wireless Networks - Allows computers to be moved without wires or cables.
The Internet – The world’s largest network.
References
 The Network Diagram
(Click on the Words Below and Learn More About Each Component)

Wired Network PC Firewall The Internet

Fiber Optic Network Cable

Router
Switch

Server Other LANS

Wireless Network
 The Three Types of Networks
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable
Switches and Hubs
Servers
- IP Addresses WIDE AREA LOCAL AREA
Topologies
- Star
- Bus
- Ring
Firewalls
Routers
Wireless Networks
The Internet
References
PEER TO PEER
 Wide Area Network
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable
Switches and Hubs
Servers
- IP Addresses
Topologies
- Star • A Wide Area Network exist over a large area
- Bus
- Ring • Data travels through telephone or cable lines
Firewalls • Usually requires a Modem
Routers
Wireless Networks • The world’s largest Wide Area Network in the
The Internet Internet
References
 Local Area Network
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable
Switches and Hubs
Servers
- IP Addresses
Topologies • A Local Area Network spans a relatively small
- Star area
- Bus
- Ring • LAN are usually confined to one building or a
Firewalls group of buildings
Routers
Wireless Networks • Data travel between network devices via
The Internet network cables.
References
• The most common type of Local Area Network
is called Ethernet
 Peer to Peer Network
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable
Switches and Hubs
Servers
- IP Addresses
Topologies • Usually very small networks
- Star
- Bus • Each workstation has equivalent capabilities
- Ring and responsibilities
Firewalls
Routers
• Does not require a switch or a hub.
Wireless Networks • These types of networks do not perform well
The Internet under heavy data loads.
References
 Fiber Optic Cable
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable Standard
Switches and Hubs Network
Servers Copper Cable
- IP Addresses
Topologies • Reduces interference in the network
- Star • Transmit data faster than copper network cable
- Bus
- Ring • Allows for more bandwidth
Firewalls
Routers • Smaller and more fragile than copper cable
Wireless Networks
The Internet
References
 Switches and Hubs
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable
Switches and Hubs
Servers
- IP Addresses
Topologies Network Switches Network Hubs
- Star
- Bus • Data travels faster through switches because data is not
- Ring sequenced as it is in a hub
Firewalls
Routers • The information is more secure when it passes through
Wireless Networks a switch as opposed to a hub.
The Internet • Information travels more efficiently through a switch
References because travels directly to it’s destination as opposed
to being broadcast to all PC’s on the network hub.
 Servers
Users are connected to
Navigation certain servers which
Network Diagram will fulfill the required
Network Types request.
- WAN
- LAN There are 3 Principle
- Peer to Peer Types of Servers
Fiber Optic Cable Print Servers
Switches and Hubs Contains the name and
Servers location of all printers
- IP Addresses that are on the
Topologies Network
- Star
- Bus File Servers
- Ring Contain the location and
Firewalls names of the various
Routers drives, files, and
Wireless Networks folders on a Network
Rack of Servers
The Internet Web Servers
References Contain the Programs,
Files, and Internet
Web Sites
 Web Servers
Navigation IP Addresses
Network Diagram
Network Types
“IP” stands for Internet Protocol. IP Addresses serve as
- WAN
the location of websites on the Internet as well as the
- LAN
workstations that are connected to the web. IP addresses
- Peer to Peer
are made up of four sets of numbers called “Octets”.
Fiber Optic Cable
There are two types of IP Addresses: Static and
Switches and Hubs
Temporary. Below is a description of both.
Servers
- IP Addresses Static IP Addresses Temporary IP Addresses
Topologies
Static IP addresses are Temporary IP addresses
- Star
found only on servers and are found only on PC’s are
- Bus
remain the same. constantly changing each
- Ring
Firewalls A Domain Name Server time it is logged on.
Routers assigns a “human Temporary IP addresses
Wireless Networks readable” web address to are assigned by an ISP
The Internet each static IP address to (Internet Service Provider)
References make it more user friendly. each time it is logged on to
the Internet.
 Network Topologies
Navigation Network Topology refers to the shape of a
Network Diagram network, or the network's layout. How different
Network Types nodes in a network are connected to each other
- WAN and how they communicate are determined by
- LAN the network's topology.
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable There are three basic topologies:
Switches and Hubs
Servers
- IP Addresses
Topologies
- Star
- Bus
- Ring
Firewalls Star Ring
Routers
Wireless Networks
The Internet
References
Bus
 Star Topology
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable
Switches and Hubs
Servers
- IP Addresses
Topologies
- Star
- Bus • All devices are connected to a central hub.
- Ring • Nodes communicate across the network by
Firewalls passing data through the hub or switch.
Routers
Wireless Networks
The Internet
References
 Ring Topology
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable
Switches and Hubs
Servers
- IP Addresses
Topologies
- Star • All devices are connected to one another in
- Bus the shape of a closed loop.
- Ring
• Each device is connected directly to two
Firewalls
Routers other devices, one on either side of it.
Wireless Networks
The Internet
References
 Bus Topology
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN T T
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable
Switches and Hubs
Servers
- IP Addresses
Topologies • All devices are connected to a central
- Star cable, called the bus or backbone.
- Bus
- Ring • There are terminators at each end of the bus
Firewalls that stops the signal and keeps it from
Routers traveling backwards.
Wireless Networks
The Internet
References
 Firewalls
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable
Switches and Hubs
Servers
- IP Addresses
Topologies • A firewall is a software that can be loaded on to
- Star a network that can serve as a barrier that keeps
- Bus destructive forces away from a network of
- Ring computers.
Firewalls
Routers • Packets of data are analyzed against a set of
Wireless Networks
criteria or standards called filters.
The Internet
References
• Filters block certain designated IP addresses.
 Routers
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable Standard Router Wireless Router
Switches and Hubs
Servers Whether a Router is traditional or wireless, its
- IP Addresses purposes remain the same.
Topologies
- Star Routers are specialized computers that send
- Bus your messages and those of every other
- Ring Internet user speeding to their destinations
Firewalls along thousands of pathways.
Routers
Wireless Networks Routers are crucial devices that let messages
The Internet flow between networks, rather than within
References networks.
 Wireless Networks
Navigation
Network Diagram Allows for
Network Types computers to be
- WAN
- LAN
moved easily
- Peer to Peer without having to
Fiber Optic Cable worry about wires
Switches and Hubs or cables
Servers
- IP Addresses
Topologies Walkie-Talkie Network
- Star • You would equip each computer with basically,
- Bus a walkie-talkie.
- Ring
Firewalls
Routers
• You would give each computer a way to set
Wireless Networks whether it wants to transmit or receive.
The Internet
• A wireless network converts binary signal (0’s
and 1’s) into a radio signal (series of beeps).
 The Internet
Navigation
Network Diagram
Network Types
- WAN
- LAN
- Peer to Peer
Fiber Optic Cable
Switches and Hubs
Servers
- IP Addresses
Topologies The simplest definition of the Internet
- Star
- Bus is that it's a network of computer
- Ring networks
Firewalls
Routers
Wireless Networks
The Internet
References
 The Internet
Navigation How Information Travel Through the Internet
Network Diagram
Network Types A page on the Internet—whether it's full of words,
- WAN images or both—doesn't come to you in one shipment.
- LAN It's translated into digital information, chopped into 1500
- Peer to Peer byte pieces called PACKETS, and sent to you like a
Fiber Optic Cable puzzle that needs to be reassembled. Each part of the
Switches and Hubs packet has a specific function:
Servers
Sequence ID
- IP Addresses ID’s where the information
Topologies Header belongs in relation to the
Provides the rest of the information
- Star complete
- Bus destination
- Ring address for the
End of Message
packet
Firewalls ID’s the end of the
packet
Routers
Wireless Networks
Data Block
The Internet The portion of the overall
References information carried by the packet
 The Internet
Navigation How Information Travel Through the Internet
Network Diagram
Network Types When you connect to a Web site through an ISP and start
- WAN exchanging information, there isn't a fixed connection
- LAN between your computer and the Web server computer
- Peer to Peer hosting the Web site. Instead, information is exchanged
Fiber Optic Cable using the best possible path at that particular time.
Switches and Hubs Special computers called routers determine these paths,
Servers avoiding slow links and favoring fast ones.
- IP Addresses
Topologies
- Star
- Bus
- Ring
Firewalls
Routers
Wireless Networks
The Internet Your ISP Web
Computer Routers Servers
References
 References
Intel Corporation, (2004). www.intel.com. Retrieved May 11, 2007, from
.The Journey Inside: The Internet. website:
http://www97.intel.com/discover/JourneyInside/TJI_Internet/default.asp
x

Webdopedia (2007). http://www.webopedia.com/. Retrieved May 11,

2007, online dictionary and search engine you need for computer and
Internet technology definitions. http://www.webopedia.com/.
NETWORK

 A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to

share resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow
electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked
through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light
beams.
There are three basic types of networks
which includes the following:
 metropolitan network (MAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)