Sliding window in the circular format

Types of Protocols
FSM AND FLOW DIAGRAM
Stop-and-Wait Protocol
FSMs for the Stop-and-Wait protocol
Flow diagram
Go-Back-N Protocol (GBN)
Send window for Go-Back-N
Receive window for Go-Back-N
FSMs for the Go-Back-N protocol
Flow diagram of Go-Back N
Selective-Repeat Protocol
Flow diagram of Selective Repeat
Bidirectional Protocols: Piggybacking
 UDP-User Datagram Protocol

 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is an alternative communications protocol

to Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) used primarily for establishing low-
latency and loss tolerating connections between applications on the Internet.
 UDP is used to send short messages called datagrams but overall, it is an
unreliable, connectionless protocol.
 UDP packets, called user datagrams, have a fixed-size header of 8 bytes
made of four fields, each of 2 bytes (16 bits).
 UDP Services

 Process to process: Use of Socket Addresses, a combination of

IP address and port numbers is done for UDP process to process.
 Connectionless Services: UDP is basically a connectionless
protocol. Each datagram is independent and they are not sequence
numbered. They can move in different paths.
 Flow and Error control: There is no flow control and window
mechanism in UDP. This may lead to overflow on the receiver side
with messages.
 Encapsulation and De capsulation: UDP protocol
encapsulates the message from a sending end process in an IP
datagram and de capsulation is done as the receiving end process.
 Multiplexing and De multiplexing: When several processes
need the services of UDP, multiplexing and de multiplexing is done
even though there can be only one UDP in the host.
 UDP Applications

 Useful for processes which require simple

request/response communication with no flow
control and error control.
 UDP is useful for processes which have internal flow
and error control mechanisms.
 Multicasting uses UDP.
 Management processes like SNMP uses UDP.
 Routing information protocols use UDP for
updating.
 Transmission Control Protocol

 TCP and IP are the work horses of the Internet.

 TCP Services
 Process to Process Communication: Port numbers are used to provide process to process
communication.(Please explain about ht e address ports in brief)
 Stream Delivery Service: Unlike UDP, TCP sends data as a stream of bytes.TCP has an
environment for two processes connected by an imaginary tube which carries their data across
internet.
 Sending / Receiving Buffers: TCP needs buffers for storage when the sending process and
the receiving process have different write/read data speeds. They are useful for flow and error
control mechanisms.
 a)The sending buffer has three types: one empty for writing the bytes, second area for the
bytes sent but not acknowledged and the third area for bytes to be sent.
 b)The receiving buffer has two types: one area empty for receiving the bytes, second area
for the received bytes to be read by the receiving process.
 TCP Segments: IP Layer sends the data packets. TCP Header is attached to each segment
before delivering it to the IP Layer.
 Full Duplex Communication: Full duplex service is available in TCP connections. Segments
move in both directions as each TCP has a sending as well as receiving buffer.
 Connection Oriented, Reliable Service: TCP uses an acknowledgment mechanism to
achieve reliable service of data transfer. Connection oriented service has three phases:
Connection establishment, data transfer and connection termination.
 Multiplexing and De Multiplexing: As in UDP, TCP performs multiplexing and de
multiplexing at the sender and receiver respectively. Connection established for a pair of
processes.
 Reliable Service: Reliable service is possible in TCP due to error control, flow control and
congestion control mechanisms in the protocol.
 TCP Features

 TCP has several features like,

 Numbering System 2) Flow control 3) Error Control 4) Congestion Control

 Numbering System:
 To Keep track of the segments and proper delivery to the receiving process.
 Three types: Byte numbers: Data bytes are transmitted in a connection are
numbered.
 Sequence Numbers: A sequence Number is assigned to each segment before
transmission.
 Acknowledgment Number: ACK is used to confirm the bytes received by the
receiving process. It can be cumulative.

 Flow control & Error Control:

 TCP uses a byte oriented flow control mechanism to prevent the receiver being
overloaded with data. The numbering system helps TCP flow control.
 Congestion control:
 TCP controls the flow of data transfer as well as traffic congestion in the network.
 TCP Segment Header Format

Flags/ Control Field

Connection establishment using three-way
handshaking
Data transfer
Connection Termination
Send Windows in TCP
Receive window in TCP
 TCP congestion control
Slow start, exponential increase
Congestion avoidance, additive increase