Piston Pump Basics

 Piston Pumps
 Upsize!
– FRL’s are the
fries
– Piston Pumps
are the burger

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Usage of Piston Pumps

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 What is a Piston Pump
 A pump that
uses a

?
reciprocating
piston to
produce fluid
flow
 Because they
produce higher
fluid pressures,
they can pump
higher viscosity
fluids

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Terminology: Viscosity
 Viscosity is
resistance to
flow
Viscosity of Common Products:  Piston pumps
Water 1 Centipoise (cP) are used with
Beer 3 cP medium to high
SAE 30 Motor Oil 200 cP viscosity fluids
White Glue 1000 cP  Medium
Viscosity fluids:
Ketchup 50,000 cP – 50,000 to
Petroleum Jelly 64,000 cP 100,000 cP
 High Viscosity
Tooth Paste 190,000 cP fluids:
Peanut Butter 250,000 cP – 100,000+ cP

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Terminology: Ratio
 The difference
in effective size
between the Air
Motor Piston
and the Lower
End Plunger
Rod
 Higher ratio
pumps produce
higher fluid
pressures

Comparison of relative Air Motor Piston and

Plunger Rod sizes

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Ratio / Pressure Calculation
 Use Pump Ratio
and Air Inlet
Pressure to
determine fluid
Example: pressure
Pump Ratio: 4:1
Air Inlet Pressure: 100-psi Pump Ratio
x Air Inlet PSI
Calculation: = Fluid Outlet
4:1 Pump Ratio Pressure
x 100-psi Air Inlet Pressure
= 400 Fluid Outlet Pressure

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Pump Components
 The Air Motor
creates the
motion to drive
the pump
Note: NOT a
Air Motor
vane motor
 The Lower End
(pump) uses
reciprocating
motion from the
motor to create
fluid flow

Lower End

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Pump Design: Inline Pumps
 Often used with
lubricants like
motor or
cutting oils
 The Down Tube
is coupled to
the Air Motor
Air Motor
Casting

Fluid Outlet

Lower End

Inline Pumps have a direct

connection between the
Motor and Lower End

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Pump Design: Divorced Design
 Motors and
Lower Ends are
separate from
each other
 Tie Rods
Air Motor connect the
Motor to the
Lower End

Fluid Outlet

Lower End

Prevents contamination of
Air Motor when Lower
needs repair

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Air Motor Components
 Valving
– Controls air
distribution
 Piston
Motor Valving – Creates
Mechanism reciprocating
motion
 Piston Rod
– Transfers
motion to the
Pump Lower
Piston End

Piston Rod

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Lower End (Pump) Components
 Plunger Rod
– Uses
reciprocating
Plunger Rod motion to
produce fluid
flow
 Packings
– Used to seal
fluid flow
within pump
 Checks
– Control fluid
flow within
pump
Packing Assembly

Check Assembly

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Pump Types
 Basic Pumps
 Two-Ball Lower
End Pumps
 Four-Ball Lower
End Pumps
 Chop-Check
Lower End
Pumps

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Basic Pumps
 For low-volume
delivery of light
viscosity fluids
(>1,000 cP)
 Ratios range
from 1:1 to 2:1

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Two-Ball Pumps
 Lower End
contains two
Ball Checks that
control fluid
flow
 Most common
type of pump
configuration
 Used with light
to medium
viscosity fluids
(0-100,000 cP)

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Two-Ball Lower Operation
Upstroke: As the
Piston rises, fluid
is pulled into the
pump. Fluid
above the ball
check is lifted out
of pump.
Downstroke: The
lower ball seats to
close off the
pump. Fluid is
displaced by the
plunger, passing
through the upper
ball check, to the
outlet.

Upstroke Downstroke

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Four-Ball Pumps
 The Lower End
contains four
Ball Checks that
control fluid
flow
 Used with low
viscosity fluids
in high flow
applications
– Most common
application is
recirculating
paint

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Four-Ball Lower Operation
Upstroke: Fluid passes
the lower left ball check
into pump. Upper left
check is seated. The
upper right check rises
as fluid exits the pump.
The lower right check is
forced onto it’s seat.
Downstroke: The lower
left ball is seated. The
upper left ball rises as
fluid exits the pump.
The upper right check is
seated, while fluid is
drawn into the pump
past the lower right
check.

Upstroke Downstroke
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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Chop-Check Pumps
 The checks
literally chop, or
cut the fluid
 Checks are
mechanically
pushed onto
seats to control
fluid flow
 Used in extrusion
applications with
heavy fluids,
with medium to
high viscosity
– An example is
silicone

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Chop-Check Lower Operation
Upstroke: The lower
check rises and the
primer plate pulls fluid
into the pump. Fluid
exits the pump when the
upper check seats and
rises with the plunger.
Downstroke: The lower
check seats and the
upper check opens.
Fluid exits the pump
through the upper
check. Meanwhile, the
primer plate extends
into the fluid. It will pull
fluid into the pump
when the plunger rises.

Upstroke Downstroke

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Pump Components
 Packing
Assemblies
 Tube & Plunger
 Springs
 Wet Cup

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Packing Assemblies
 Seals
movement of
the Plunger Rod
 Locations:
– Upper Casting
(throat) of
Pump
– Piston at base
of Plunger Rod

Position of packings in the

Body Casting and on the
Plunger Rod

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Packing Types
 “V” packings for
medium or high
viscosity fluids
(<1,000 cP)
 Cup packings
for low viscosity
fluids
(>1,000 cP)

Complete Spring/Packing
Assembly, with “V” packings

Cup Packing Assembly on

Plunger/Piston

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Tube and Plunger
 The Plunger
moves within
the Tube
 The Plunger
transfers fluid
from the inlet to
the pump’s
outlet

Plunger Rod (with Packing Assembly) and Tube

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Springs
 Compensate for
normal wear of
the packings
caused by pump
usage
 Coil Springs are
used to pump
lighter viscosity
fluids
 Wave Springs
Coil Spring Wave Spring offer excellent
service in hard-
duty use

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Wet-Cup
 Helps prolong
service life of
throat packings
 Keeps Plunger
Rod “wetted” as
it reciprocates
 Prevents fluid
from drying on
Typical Wet-Cup Assembly
Plunger Rod
– Wet-Sol keeps
Plunger Rod
wetted

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Application #1: Basic Pump
 650133-1 pulls
fluid from
55-gallon drum
 Specifications:
– 2:1 Ratio
– 18-Gallons per
Minute
– Stainless Steel
lower pump
material

Pump mounts directly into

bung opening of drum

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Application #2: Two-Ball Pump
 650453-9 used
to transfer oil
from bulk tanks
 Specifications:
– 9:1 Ratio
– 2.9-Gallons
per Minute
– Carbon Steel
lower pump
material

Pump transfers oil from

elevated tank to assembly line
in manufacturing facility

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Application #3: Chop Check Pump
 650863-C4D-B
in automotive
assembly plant
 Specifications:
– 45:1 Ratio
– 5.4-Gallons
per Minute
– Carbon Steel
lower pump
material

Second pumping system is

insurance policy in case of
pump failure

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Application #4: Chop-Check Pump
 650239 Cart-
mounted pump
used in screen
door assembly
 Specifications:
– 9:1 Ratio
– 4-Gallons per
Minute
– Carbon Steel
lower pump
material

Pump draws material from

5-gallon drum

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Application #5: Oil Pumps
 LM2305A-31
used in mobile
oil-change
system
 Specifications:
– 5:1 Ratio
– 6-Gallons per
Minute
– Carbon Steel
lower pump
material

Oil pumps mounted in back of van

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 ARO and it’s Competitors
 Graco®
– Broad pump
line
 Lincoln®
– Complete
pump line
 Alemite®
– Lubrication
pumps

Graco extrusion Lincoln Alemite oil

system extrusion pump pump

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 ARO Crossover Program
 List competitive
model number
 ARO provides
model for
application

From …to
this... ARO

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Pump Selection Checklist
 Basic data to
make an initial
pump selection
Fluid Parameters  Use this data,
Required Flow:__________ the ARO fluid
Fluid Viscosity:__________ compatibility
Plumbing Data guide and the
Internal Diameter:_______ pressure drop
Piping Length:__________ calculations to
Inlet Piping Length:______ make an initial
pump selection
Air Inlet
Pressure at Pump:_______
Application Data
Continuous Duty:________
Intermittent Use:________

If you feel uncertain about your pump selection, call

Aro for help!

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company
 Refuse to Lose!

Add the fries

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 2002 Ingersoll-Rand Company