Clauses

Quote of the day:

“When my heart is overflowing with

gratitude, there is no room for fear. “

Kathy Kendall
 Clause defined

A clause is an essential part of a sentence

and must contain a subject and a verb.

 Clauses are the building blocks of

sentences
 What do you need to make a sentence ?

1. Subject

2. Verb

3. Needs to make sense

 CLAUSE
• A clause is a group of words with a
subject and a verb.
Examples:
1.When I was walking in the street.
2. Why she left her parents.
3. Where she was born.
4.Who speak the truth.
 Two types of clauses

Independent clause, IC
(MAIN CLAUSE)

Dependent clause, DC
(SUBORDINATE CLAUSE)
 IC defined
A clause which makes complete sense
independently and stands by itself is called
Main, Principal or Independent Clause

I received a letter and replied to it.

I tried my best but I failed in my attempt.

 INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

• Each independent clause has its own

subject and verb and expresses a complete
thought.
– The soccer team traveled to Knoxville, and
they won their division.
• In the example above the two independent
clauses are joined by a comma and the
coordinating conjunction and.
EXAMPLES OF INDEPENDENT
CLAUSE
• I stuffed all the envelopes, and Jessica
took them to the post office.
• I did all the work, but he took all the
credit.
• I am new at Power Point, but I like it!
 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
• A clause which depends on some other clause
for its meaning is called a Dependant or
subordinate Clause.
• Subordinate clauses do not express complete
thoughts and cannot stand alone.
– whom he asked
– because he answered
– what he had heard
EXAMPLES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

• The Officer whom he asked for directions

was very kind.
• I stopped the work because I was tried.
• The Chief of Police was pleased by what
he had heard.
Before we start, see if you can identify these clauses

It was a bright morning.

As he was walking down the corridor.
You will sing a long song
Unless you decide not to come.
Because he was not normal that day.
The cave was full of bats
Since the first of the month.
 Yellow-- Independent clauses
Blue-- dependent clauses

It was a bright morning.

As he was walking down the corridor.
You will sing a long song.
Unless you decide not to come.
Because he was not normal that day.
The cave was full of bats.
Since the first of the month
 Identify clauses

He arrived just as the clock struck seven.

I will write when I know of our whereabouts.
As he entered the room, everyone cheered.
They laughed as they saw the movie.
Since you left, we have had beautiful weather.
You should observe because it is important.
If you come home, you can see the present.
If wishes were horses, we would all take a ride.
From where I stood, I could see all.
I shall attend school until I am at least eighteen years old
 Independent -- dependent

He arrived just as the clock struck seven.

I will write when I know of our whereabouts.
As he entered the room, everyone cheered.
They laughed as they saw the movie.
Since you left, we have had beautiful weather.
You should observe because it is important.
If you come home, you can see the present.
If wishes were horses, we would all take a ride.
From where I stood, I could see all.
I shall attend school until I am at least eighteen
years
 USES OF SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES
Subordinate clauses can be used as:
 Adjectives clause
 Adverbs clause
Nouns clause
 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
•A group of words which contains
a subject and a predicate of its own
and does the work of an adjectives
is called an adjective Clause.
•An Adjective Clause is introduce
by relative pronouns like
who/which/that/but/as and relative
adverbs like where/when/why.
 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
• Examples:
1. The girl whom you saw in the park is my sister.
2. The man who invited you dinner is my uncle.
3. The story you which you wrote a year ago is a nice one
4. This the book that I told you about.
5. There is none but loves Madhuri. { There is no one who does not
love Madhuri.}
6. This is the place where I met Madhuri.
7. I don’t know reason why she disliked me.
8. I want to know the time when the meeting will take place.
9. I believe there must be a time when my talent is properly
recognized.
10. The beautiful girl whose is an accountant in the state bank is
appearing for the I.A.S Exam.
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS

– whom who whose which that

• These words are called relative pronouns
because they relate an adjective clause to
the word that the clause modifies. Besides
introducing an adjective clause and relating
it to another word in the sentence, the
relative pronoun has a function in the
adjective clause.
 Note

• In many cases, the relative pronoun in the

clause may be omitted. The pronoun is
understood and still has a function in the
clause.
– Here is the salad you ordered. [The relative
pronoun that is understood. The pronoun
relates the adjective clause to salad and is used
as the direct object in the adjective clause.]
 The Adverb’s Job

• Adverbs tell
– when
– where
– why
– how
– to what extent or degree
– under what conditions
 The Adverb Clause

• An adverb clause is a subordinate clause

that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an
adverb.
– After I proofread my paper, I typed it. [The
adverb clause After I proofread my paper
tells when I typed it.]
– Don’t talk while I am teaching.
– As he began to sing, we stopped talking.
 Adverb Clause Continued

• Because puddings takes so long to

prepare, Joy makes it only on special
occasions. [Because puddings takes so
long to prepare tells why Joy makes it only
on special occasions.]
• You and your brother may come with us if
you want to. [under what condition]
 Adverb Clause Continued

• Like adverbs, adverb clauses may also

modify adjectives or adverbs.
– His pitching arm is stronger today than it ever
was. [stronger (adj.) to what extent the arm is
stronger]
– My cousin Alex reads faster than I do. [faster
(adv.) how much faster my cousin Adele
reads]
 Subordinating Conjunctions
• After, although, as,
as if, as long as, as
soon as, because,
before, even though,
if, in order that, • These words introduce
once, since, so that, subordinate clauses.
than, though, unless,
until, when,
whenever, where,
wherever, whether,
while
 Noun Clauses

• A noun clause is a subordinate clause

used as a noun.
• A noun clause may be used as a
– subject -indirect object
– complement -object of a prep-
– predicate nominative position
– direct object
 Examples of Noun Clauses
• What Mary Anne did was brave and
earned her praise from everyone. [Subject]
• The winner will be whoever runs fastest.
[Predicate Nominative]
• She finally discovered what the answer
was. [Direct Object]
• The clerk should tell whoever calls the sale
prices. [Indirect Object]
• He checks the ID cards of whoever visits.
[Object of Preposition]